TABLE 1.
Application and improvement of BEs.
| Plant species | Target gene | BE | PAM | Editing efficiency (%) | Contributions | References |
| Oryza sativa |
FTIP1e ALS |
Target-AID | NGG | 4.3–85.7 | Generation of imazamox herbicide resistance | Shimatani et al., 2017 |
| Oryza sativa |
NRT1.1B SLR1 |
APOBEC1 | NGG | 2.7–13.3 | Regulate the conversion and utilization of nitrogen | Lu and Zhu, 2017 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsCDC48 OsNRT1.1B OsSPL14 |
PBE | NGG | 0.5–7.0 | Improve editing efficiency by using nCas9 | Zong et al., 2017 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsPDS OsSBEIIb |
BE3 | NGG | 20 | Reduced starch synthesis | Li et al., 2017 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsCERK1 OsCERK2 OsCERK3 ipa1 pi-ta BRT1 |
rBE3 rBE4 |
NGG NGA | 10.5–38.9 | Increase PAM sequence diversity | Ren et al., 2017 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsSPL14 OsSPL16 OsSPL17 OsSPL18 SLR1 |
ABE-P1 | NGG | 4.8–61.3 | ABE was improved for rice | Hua et al., 2018 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsRLCK185 OsCERK1 |
rBE5 | NGG | 2.1–27.8 | CBE is optimized for GC AC sequences | Ren et al., 2018 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsMPK6 OsMPK13 OsMPK2 OsMPK6 Tms9-1 |
rBE14 rBE15 rBE17 rBE18 |
NGG | 4.30–62.26 | Developed a fluorescence-tracking adenine base editor | Yan et al., 2018 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsACC OsALS OsCDC48 OsDEP1, OsNRT1.1B-T1 |
pABE | NGG | 5.8–59.1 | Herbicide resistant rice was obtained by ABE for the first time | Li et al., 2018 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsCDC48 OsNRT1.1B-T1 |
PBE | NGG | 44.1–82.9 | Expand edit window | Zong et al., 2018 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsGL1-1 OsNAL1 |
PBE | NGG | 75 | Intron shearing is interfered with by BE | Li Z. et al., 2019 |
| Oryza sativa | OsNGN1 | nSpCas9-NGv1-AID nSpCas9-NGv1-AID nSpCas9-NGv1-APOBEC-UGI |
NG | 6.3–91.1 | Increase PAM sequence diversity | Endo et al., 2018 |
| Oryza sativa |
OsSPL14 OsSPL16 OsSPL18 GRF4 OsSPL17 sTOE1 OsIDS1 OMTN1 SNB sSPL13 |
ABE-P1-5 CBE-P3 CBE-p5 pKKH-Cas9 pVQR-Cas9 |
NAG NGA NNNRRT | 2.6–74.3 | Increase PAM sequence diversity | Hua et al., 2019 |
| Oryza sativa | OsDEP1 | Cas9-NG (D10A)-PmCDA1 | NG | 30.4–45.0 | Increase PAM sequence diversity | Zhong et al., 2019 |
| Oryza sativa |
IPA1 Pikh WX |
NRRH-eBE3 NRCH-eBE3 NRTH-eBE3 |
NRRH NRCH NRTH | 2.08–79.17 | Increase PAM sequence diversity | Li et al., 2021 |
| Oryza sativa |
OSPDS OsALS OsDSP1 |
CRISPR–SpRY | PAM-free | 5.3–79.0 | Break the PAM sequence constraint | Ren et al., 2021 |
| Triticum aestivum | TaLOX2 | PBE | NGG | 1.5–5.2 | Improve editing efficiency by using nCas10 | Zong et al., 2017 |
| Triticum aestivum |
TaDEP1 TaGW2 |
pABE | NGG | 0.4–1.1 | ABE was applied in wheat for the first time | Li et al., 2018 |
| Triticum aestivum |
TaALS TaMTL |
A3A-PBE | NGG | 16.7–22.5 | Expand edit window | Zong et al., 2018 |
| Triticum aestivum | TaALS | PBE | NGG | 22–78 | Improve screening efficiency through co-editing | Zhang et al., 2019 |
| Solanum tuberosum | StGBSS-T6 | A5A-PBE | NGG | 6.5 | Expand edit window | Zong et al., 2018 |
| Solanum tuberosum | SSI protein | CBE | NGG | 71 | Reduce potato starch content | Veillet et al., 2019a |
| Solanum tuberosum |
StALS StALS2 |
Target-AID | NGG | 100 | Generation of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in transegene-free potato | Veillet et al., 2019b |
| Solanum lycopersicum |
DELLA ETR1 |
Target-AID | NGG | 26.2–53.8 | Altered hormone regulation | Shimatani et al., 2017 |
| Solanum lycopersicum |
SlALS1 SlALS2 |
Target-AID | NGG | 71.4 | Generation of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in transegene-free tomato | Veillet et al., 2019b |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | AtALS | BE3 | NGG | 1.7–7.6 | The edited plants were obtained by subculture | Chen et al., 2017 |
| Arabidopsis thaliana |
AtALS AtPDS AtFT AtLFY |
BE6.3 BE7.8 BE7.9 BE7.10 |
NGG | 0.3–10 | ABE has been verified in plants | Kang et al., 2018 |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | eIF4E | CBE | NGG | 67.9 | Enhanced arabidopsis resistance to disease | Bastet et al., 2019 |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | AtMTA | PBE | NGG | 49.1 | Intron shearing is interfered with by BE | Li Z. et al., 2019 |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | AtALS | CBE | NGG | 14.3–66.7 | Generation of imidazolinone herbicide resistant | Dong et al., 2020 |
| Zea mays | ZmCENH3 | PBE | NGG | 0.3–3.7 | Improve editing efficiency by using nCas11 | Zong et al., 2017 |
| Citrullus lanatus | ClALS | BE3 | NGG | 22.6 | Transgene-free tribenuron herbicide resistant watermelon was obtained by CBE in watermelon | Tian et al., 2018 |
| Brassica napus |
BnALS BnPDS |
BE6.3 BE7.8 BE7.9 BE7.10 |
NGG | 0.6–8.8 | ABE has been verified in plants | Kang et al., 2018 |