Table 1.

Relative roles and responsibilities of key stakeholder groups in minimizing harms associated with problematic risk-taking involving emerging technologies

Stakeholder group	Definition of stakeholder group	Roles and responsibilities
Individuals	End users or consumers engaged in potentially problematic risk-taking behaviors	Ownership of ultimate decision about the extent of engagement in a behavior
		Due consideration of information provided from a variety of sources concerning potential risks
		Use of available tools to aid self-regulation and minimize exposure to potential harms
Families	Parents/caregivers of children/adolescents engaged in potentially problematic risk-taking behaviors	Education about risks and communicating these to family members
		Setting guidelines around use of emerging technologies and assisting to abide by these
		Decisions about providing funds and assistance with managing finances for engagement with emerging technologies
		Monitoring of behavior and risk markers
		Role modeling of how to engage with technology to enhance well-being
Community	Frontline groups (e.g., teachers, police, and advocacy organizations) that have contact with individuals engaged in potentially problematic risk-taking behaviors	Education and awareness of the potential risks to individuals’ health and well-being, and ways in which technology use may cause harm to others, particularly vulnerable populations (e.g., online exploitation of children)
		Promoting methods to establish healthy and sustainable patterns of engagement
		Developing and implementing education campaigns and prevention strategies to be used by community members
		Reporting of emerging patterns and trends in behaviors observed
Treatment and welfare providers	Non-specialist and specialist clinicians who provide treatment and support services to individuals engaged in potentially problematic risk-taking behaviors	Identification and detection of emerging problematic behaviors amongst vulnerable populations
		Provision of treatment and support services through the development of effective, evidence-based therapeutic modalities for individuals engaging in problematic risk-taking behaviors, especially if there are co-occurring mental disorders
Researchers	Academics and scientists from a range of disciplines (e.g., psychology, psychiatry, behavioral economics, neuropsychology, public health, media and communications, and sociology) whose work relates to problematic risk-taking involving emerging technologies	Investigating the true nature and scope of emerging issues
		Informing and evaluating policy and treatment approaches
		Working with all stakeholders to design and conduct methodologically rigorous, independent research
		Translating research findings and theoretical developments to guide policies and strategies to enhance well-being and minimize harms
Industry	Any organizations profiting, either directly or indirectly, from technologies and products involved with problematic behaviors, including product developers, distributors, advertisers, broadcasters, and trade associations	Public recognition of potential for technologies to be used in ways that lead to harms
		Clear user guidelines on appropriate and inappropriate use of technologies and behaviors that may lead to harms
		Development, implementation, and evaluation of harm-minimization strategies (e.g., in-app tools and resources) appropriate to potential risks
		Detection of emerging problematic behaviors through identification of consumers exhibiting risky patterns of behavior (e.g., by predictive modeling) for potential preventative action or intervention, including referral to treatment and support services as appropriate
		Demand reduction: e.g., increasing product prices and provision of alternative options
		Accountability, transparency, and willingness to collaborate with other stakeholder groups in response to emerging problematic behaviors relating to their products
Governments	Government bodies responsible for policy and regulation relating to problematic risk-taking involving emerging technologies (e.g., gambling regulators)	Public recognition of risky behaviors resulting in harms from use of emerging technologies
		Facilitation of prevention strategies and treatment services, including provision of funding to appropriate stakeholders
		Development of classification strategies to reduce access to inappropriate technologies or products by minors
		Supply reduction through development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies for limiting the availability of content and activities that have the potential for problem development
		Demand reduction: e.g., through increased taxation of particular products
		Creating a regulatory environment in which industry can proactively disclose potentially problematic behaviors detected without fear of negative consequences to allow investigation and promote early intervention