Table 2.
Univariate analysis of variables associated with moderate to severe anxiety symptoms among pregnant persons (N = 4,303)
| ORa | 95% CIb | X2 p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||
| Participant Race/Ethnicity | 0.1153 | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | Ref | ||
| Black/African American | 1.48 | 0.94, 2.35 | |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 1.25 | 0.93, 1.67 | |
| Asian | 1.11 | 0.73, 1.69 | |
| Native American | 3.64 | 1.09, 12.15 | |
| Pacific Islander | < 0.001 | < 0.001, > 999.999 | |
| Participant Age | 0.0006 | ||
| 18–30 | Ref | ||
| 31–35 | 0.70 | 0.56, 0.87 | |
| 36–40 | 0.58 | 0.44, 0.77 | |
| 41 + | 0.73 | 0.45, 1.18 | |
| Household Income | < 0.0001 | ||
| < $99,999 | Ref | ||
| $100,000–250,999 | 0.42 | 0.35, 0.52 | |
| $251,000 + | 0.47 | 0.35, 0.64 | |
| Highest level education completed | < 0.0001 | ||
| Professional degree | Ref | ||
| Master’s | 1.56 | 1.12, 2.16 | |
| College | 1.72 | 1.24, 2.38 | |
| < College | 3.47 | 2.50, 4.83 | |
| Pre-pregnancy insurance | < 0.0001 | ||
| Private Insurance | Ref | ||
| Other (including Medi-Cal, Tricare, other) | 1.98 | 1.57, 2.49 | |
| Partnership status | < 0.0001 | ||
| Married or Partnered | Ref | ||
| Unpartnered | 2.54 | 1.84, 3.51 | |
| Employment status | 0.0018 | ||
| Full-time | Ref | ||
| Other (part-time, homemaker, unemployed) | 1.37 | 1.12, 1.66 | |
| Employed in health care | 0.0027 | ||
| No | 1.38 | 1.12, -1.71 | |
| Yes | Ref | ||
| Obstetric and Medical history | |||
| Previous live birth | 0.1680 | ||
| Yes | Ref | ||
| No | 1.19 | 0.93, 1.54 | |
| History of prior miscarriage | 0.0143 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.32 | 1.06, 1.65 | |
| Receipt of care through fertility clinic this pregnancy | 0.0009 | ||
| Yes | Ref | ||
| No | 1.46 | 1.17, 1.82 | |
| History of anxiety disorder prior to pregnancy | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 3.88 | 3.22, 4.67 | |
| History of depression prior to pregnancy | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 3.36 | 2.78, 4.06 | |
| COVID-19 specific characteristics | |||
| History of obtaining a SARS-CoV-2 test this pregnancy | 0.4091 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.08 | 0.90, 1.30 | |
| History of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test this pregnancy | 0.6460 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.08 | 0.78, 1.49 | |
| Household contact diagnosed with COVID-19 since pregnant | 0.7371 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.94 | 0.68, 1.32 | |
| Household contact deceased from COVID-19 since pregnant | 0.0001 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 5.73 | 2.36, 13.90 | |
| Job loss since onset of COVID-19 pandemic | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 2.77 | 2.14, 3.57 | |
| Reduced hours at work since onset of COVID-19 pandemic | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.70 | 1.34, 2.15 | |
| Inability to pay rent or mortgage since onset of COVID-19 pandemic | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 5.44 | 3.94, 7.47 | |
| Very or Extremely Worried about COVID-19 | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 3.32 | 2.76, 4.00 | |
| Perceived stress over the past month | < 0.0001 | ||
| Low | Ref | ||
| Moderate-High | 11.00 | 8.38, 14.45 | |
aOR odds ratio
bCI confidence interval