Table 3.
Hierarchical Logistic regression predicting moderate to severe anxiety symptoms from demographic, medical, and COVID-19 related variables (N = 4,303)
| Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aORa | 95% CIb | aORa | 95% CIb | aORa | 95% CIb | |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Participant Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Black/African American | 0.67 | 0.44, 1.68 | 0.99 | 0.45, 2.16 | 0.98 | 0.42, 2.29 |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 0.95 | 0.65, 1.40 | 1.22 | 0.73, 2.05 | 1.08 | 0.62,1.89 |
| Asian | 1.14 | 0.66, 1.97 | 1.62 | 0.84, 3.20 | 1.33 | 0.63, 2.80 |
| Native American | 3.74 | 0.90, 15.52 | 3.64 | 0.63, 21.19 | 3.14 | 0.44, 22.51 |
| Pacific Islander | < 0.001 | < 0.001, > 999.999 | < 0.001 | < 0.001, > 999.999 | < 0.001 | < 0.001, > 999.999 |
| Participant Age | ||||||
| 18–30 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 31–35 | 0.90 | 0.69, 1.17 | 0.86 | 0.59, 1.25 | 0.88 | 0.58, 1.32 |
| 36–40 | 0.72 | 0.51, 1.01 | 0.75 | 0.48, 1.17 | 0.73 | 0.45, 1.18 |
| 41 + | 0.95 | 0.55, 1.63 | 1.07 | 0.55, 2.06 | 1.20 | 0.59, 2.45 |
| Household Income | ||||||
| < $99,999 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| $100,000–250,999 | 0.60*** | 0.46, 0.79 | 0.68* | 0.47, 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.53, 1.18 |
| $251,000 + | 0.76 | 0.51, 1.13 | 0.85 | 0.49, 1.44 | 0.98 | 0.55, 1.75 |
| Highest level education completed | ||||||
| Professional degree | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Master's | 1.62* | 1.10, 2.40 | 1.29 | 0.79, 2.11 | 1.24 | 0.74, 2.08 |
| College | 1.46 | 0.98, 2.18 | 1.21 | 0.73, 2.00 | 1.21 | 0.71, 2.07 |
| < College | 2.58*** | 1.64, 4.07 | 2.21** | 1.25, 3.89 | 1.85 | 1.00, 3.45 |
| Pre-pregnancy insurance | ||||||
| Private Insurance | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Other (including Medi-Cal, Tricare, other) | 1.21 | 0.83, 1.75 | 1.26 | 0.79, 2.01 | 1.11 | 0.65, 1.88 |
| Partnership status | ||||||
| Married or Partnered | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Unpartnered | 1.60* | 1.02, 2.52 | 1.46 | 0.82, 2.60 | 1.30 | 0.69, 2.46 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Full-time | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Other (part-time, homemaker, unemployed) | 0.96 | 0.69, 1.34 | 0.88 | 0.59, 1.32 | 0.83 | 0.53, 1.30 |
| Employed in health care | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| No | 1.28* | 1.01, 1.62 | 1.22 | 0.89, 1.66 | 1.21 | 0.86, 1.70 |
| Obstetric and Medical history | ||||||
| History of prior miscarriage | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.27 | 0.94, 1.72 | 1.26 | 0.91, 1.73 | ||
| Receipt of care through fertility clinic this pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||
| No | 0.74 | 0.52, 1.06 | 0.80 | 0.55, 1.18 | ||
| History of anxiety disorder prior to pregnancy | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 3.16*** | 2.23, 4.46 | 2.49*** | 1.71, 3.62 | ||
| History of depression prior to pregnancy | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.28 | 0.89, 1.85 | 1.17 | 0.78, 1.74 | ||
| COVID-19 specific characteristics | ||||||
| Household contact deceased from COVID-19 since pregnant | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 9.40** | 1.75, 50.43 | ||||
| Job loss since onset of COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 1.27 | 0.68, 2.37 | ||||
| Reduced hours at work since onset of COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 1.10 | 0.70, 1.73 | ||||
| Inability to pay rent or mortgage since onset of COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 1.53 | 0.77, 3.05 | ||||
| Very or Extremely Worried about COVID-19 | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 2.43*** | 1.77, 3.33 | ||||
| Perceived stress over the past month | ||||||
| Low | Ref | |||||
| Moderate-High | 6.86*** | 4.54, 10.36 | ||||
| C = 0.637 | C = 0.707 | C = 0.828 | ||||
aaOR adjusted odds ratio including all variables listed in table
bCI confidence interval
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001