Table 3.
Pearson correlation matrix between time spent on internet-related behavior, problematic internet-related behavior use, and psychological distress in Time 1 (baseline assessment) and Time 2 (assessment during the COVID-19 outbreak)
Pearson correlation coefficient in Time 1/Pearson correlation coefficient in Time 2 | |||||||
Problematic smartphone use | Problematic social media use | Problematic gaming | Psychological distress | Smartphone use time | Social media use time | Gaming time | |
Problematic smartphone use | – | ||||||
Problematic social media use | 0.50/0.61 | – | |||||
Problematic gaming | 0.72/0.70 | 0.52/0.64 | – | ||||
Psychological distress | 0.53/0.52 | 0.43/0.54 | 0.64/0.44 | – | |||
Smartphone use time | 0.36/0.35 | 0.29/0.29 | 0.38/0.25 | 0.19/0.20 | – | ||
Social media use time | 0.20/0.21 | 0.29/0.25 | 0.33/0.14 | 0.20/0.15 | 0.43/0.56 | – | |
Gaming time | 0.25/0.20 | 0.26/0.20 | 0.28/0.26 | 0.22/0.13 | 0.58/0.25 | 0.35/0.13 | – |
All P-values<0.01.
Problematic smartphone use assessed using Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale; Problematic social media use assessed using Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale; Problematic gaming assessed using Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form; Psychological distress assessed using Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21.