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. 2021 Feb 10;10(1):135–148. doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00006

Table 3.

Pearson correlation matrix between time spent on internet-related behavior, problematic internet-related behavior use, and psychological distress in Time 1 (baseline assessment) and Time 2 (assessment during the COVID-19 outbreak)

Pearson correlation coefficient in Time 1/Pearson correlation coefficient in Time 2
Problematic smartphone use Problematic social media use Problematic gaming Psychological distress Smartphone use time Social media use time Gaming time
Problematic smartphone use
Problematic social media use 0.50/0.61
Problematic gaming 0.72/0.70 0.52/0.64
Psychological distress 0.53/0.52 0.43/0.54 0.64/0.44
Smartphone use time 0.36/0.35 0.29/0.29 0.38/0.25 0.19/0.20
Social media use time 0.20/0.21 0.29/0.25 0.33/0.14 0.20/0.15 0.43/0.56
Gaming time 0.25/0.20 0.26/0.20 0.28/0.26 0.22/0.13 0.58/0.25 0.35/0.13

All P-values<0.01.

Problematic smartphone use assessed using Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale; Problematic social media use assessed using Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale; Problematic gaming assessed using Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form; Psychological distress assessed using Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21.

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