Table 4.

Identification of overall low-risk gambling limits using each definition of gambling-related harm^a

Low-risk gambling limit		PGSI-Harmb	SGHS-Harmc	Any-domain-Harmd	Cross-domain-Harme
Proportion of population (including non-gamblers) exceeding each definition of harm		2.26% (95% CI 1.74, 2.94)	2.63% (95% CI 2.11, 3.28)	4.24% (95% CI 3.53, 5.08)	3.29% (95% CI 2.67, 4.06)
Proportion of gamblers exceeding each definition of harm		3.87% (95% CI 2.98, 5.01)	4.51% (95% CI 3.62, 5.61)	7.25% (95% CI 6.06, 8.66)	5.63% (95% CI 4.58, 6.92)
Gambling frequency per year	Cut-off	37	30	29	33
	AUC (95% CIs)	0.75 (0.66, 0.84)	0.75 (0.68, 0.81)	0.72 (0.66, 0.78)	0.72 (0.66, 0.79)
	Sensitivity, specificity	0.64, 0.73	0.69, 0.68	0.65, 0.67	0.62, 0.70
	N	2,792	2,781	2,793	2,793
	Absolute risk	7.4	7.8	11.9	9.9
	Relative risk	4.3	3.2	2.8	3.3
Gambling expenditure per year	Cut-off	544	510	440	501
	AUC (95% CIs)	0.79 (0.72, 0.71)	0.79 (0.73, 0.85)	0.77 (0.72, 0.81)	0.77 (0.71, 0.83)
	Sensitivity, specificity	0.72, 0.71	0.73, 0.70	0.71, 0.68	0.69, 0.70
	N	2,708	2,697	2,709	2,709
	Absolute risk	8.6	9.0	13.2	10.9
	Relative risk	5.3	4.8	3.7	4.0
Gambling expenditure a proportion of gross personal income	Cut-off	10.3	10.2	9.4	9.8
	AUC (95% CIs)	0.73 (0.67, 0.79)	0.71 (0.65, 0.76)	0.68 (0.64, 0.72)	0.70 (0.66, 0.75)
	Sensitivity, specificity	0.55, 0.92	0.53, 0.93	0.48, 0.91	0.52, 0.92
	N	2,310	2,303	2,311	2,311
	Absolute risk	24.0	22.4	–	30.4
	Relative risk	9.8	6.8	–	8.0
Gambling duration per year (minutes)	Cut-off	454	400	353	410
	AUC (95% CIs)	0.77 (0.68, 0.86)	0.76 (0.69, 0.83)	0.75 (0.70, 0.81)	0.77 (0.70, 0.84)
	Sensitivity, specificity	0.65, 0.76	0.65, 0.73	0.65, 0.73	0.65, 0.75
	N	2,787	2,777	2,788	2,788
	Absolute risk	11.1	11.2	18.9	14.3
	Relative risk	7.9	5.7	5.3	5.9
Number of types of gambling activities	Cut-off	2	2	2	2
	AUC (95% CIs)	0.75 (0.69, 0.81)	0.75 (0.69, 0.81)	0.75 (0.71, 0.80)	0.74 (0.69, 0.79)
	Sensitivity, specificity	0.78, 0.58	0.77, 0.58	0.76, 0.60	0.75, 0.59
	N	2,833	2,822	2,834	2,834
	Absolute risk	5.8	6.6	10.6	8.2
	Relative risk	6.1	4.2	4.5	4.5

^aBold typeface indicates AUC ≥ 0.70.

^bEndorsement of ≥ 2 PGSI negative consequence items.

^cEndorsement of ≥ 2 SGHS items.

^dEndorsement of ≥ 2 PGSI negative consequence items or SGHS items across any domain of harm.

^eEndorsement of ≥ 2 PGSI negative consequence items or SGHS items across different domains of harm.