Table 5.
ROC analyses for each gambling activity using PGSI-Harma
| EGMs | Horse/dog racing | Instant scratch tickets | Lottery | Keno | Casino table games | Bingo | Sports/other event betting | ||
| Proportion of gamblers on the specific gambling activity exceeding the definition of harm | 10.13% (95% CI 7.58, 13.41) | 8.19% (95% CI 5.16, 12.77) | 5.88% (95% CI 3.96, 8.63) | 3.30% (95% CI 2.41, 4.51) | 5.91% (95% CI 4.30, 8.05) | 11.72% (95% CI 6.71, 19.68) | 3.22% (95% CI 0.56, 16.55) | 15.45% (95% CI 8.51, 26.40) | |
| Gambling frequency per year | Cut-off | 11 | 16 | 6 | 114 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 36 |
| AUC (95% CIs) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.75) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.87) | 0.60 (0.49, 0.71) | 0.48 (0.38, 0.58) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.81) | 0.65 (0.51, 0.79) | 0.26 (0.16, 0.36) | 0.51 (0.30, 0.73) | |
| Sensitivity, specificity | 0.49, 0.76 | 0.70, 0.68 | 0.54, 0.60 | 0.06, 0.95 | 0.63, 0.70 | 0.73, 0.49 | 1.00, 0.11 | 0.25, 0.86 | |
| N | 783 | 457 | 901 | 2080 | 1,101 | 164 | 85 | 125 | |
| Absolute risk | – | 18.6 | – | – | 12.0 | – | – | – | |
| Relative risk | – | 6.8 | – | – | 4.1 | – | – | – | |
| Gambling expenditure per year | Cut-off | 420 | 450 | 52 | 728 | 150 | 150.0 | 2,600 | 700 |
| AUC (95% CIs) | 0.65 (0.54, 0.76) | 0.78 (0.64, 0.91) | 0.59 (0.48, 0.71) | 0.51 (0.42, 0.60) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.81) | 0.61 (0.4, 0.82) | 0.12 (−0.10, 0.33) | 0.56 (0.36, 0.76) | |
| Sensitivity, specificity | 0.45, 0.80 | 0.67, 0.74 | 0.47, 0.67 | 0.22, 0.81 | 0.61, 0.73 | 0.52, 0.64 | 0.00, 0.96 | 0.30, 0.86 | |
| N | 761 | 441 | 896 | 2038 | 1,091 | 155 | 83 | 123 | |
| Absolute risk | – | 21.6 | – | – | 11.8 | – | – | – | |
| Relative risk | – | 11.5 | – | – | 3.3 | – | – | – | |
| Gambling expenditure a proportion of gross personal income | Cut-off | 7.3 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 14.0 | 5.7 |
| AUC (95% CIs) | 0.65 (0.59, 0.71) | 0.73 (0.60, 0.85) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.66) | 0.58 (0.50, 0.66) | 0.59 (0.54, 0.63) | 0.54 (0.42, 0.68) | 0.32 (0.27, 0.37) | 0.69 (0.53, 0.85) | |
| Sensitivity, specificity | 0.44, 0.89 | 0.57, 0.77 | 0.30, 0.86 | 0.40, 0.94 | 0.37, 0.92 | 0.80, 0.38 | 0.00, 1.00 | 0.58, 0.98 | |
| N | 652 | 384 | 759 | 1723 | 955 | 141 | 64 | 113 | |
| Absolute risk | – | 30.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Relative risk | – | 6.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Gambling duration per year | Cut-off | 450 | 380 | 20 | 120 | 144 | 240 | 30 | 90 |
| AUC (95% CIs) | 0.64 (0.54, 0.75) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) | 0.55 (0.44, 0.67) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.63) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.76) | 0.67 (0.51, 0.82) | 0.79 (0.18, 0.48) | 0.63 (0.45, 0.80) | |
| Sensitivity, specificity | 0.46, 0.77 | 0.79, 0.71 | 0.43, 0.65 | 0.28, 0.77 | 0.63, 0.63 | 0.55, 0.70 | 0.94, 0.21 | 0.64, 0.54 | |
| N | 772 | 442 | 874 | 1981 | 1,040 | 153 | 79 | 114 | |
| Absolute risk | – | 19.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Relative risk | – | 8.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Session expenditure | Cut-off | 55 | 25 | 5 | 14 | 18 | 150 | 80 | 25 |
| AUC (95% CIs) | 0.61 (0.50, 0.72) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.82) | 0.53 (0.43, 0.63) | 0.63 (0.56, 0.70) | 0.66 (0.56, 0.75) | 0.53 (0.32, 0.74) | 0.04 (0.00 0.25) | 0.70 (0.51, 0.88) | |
| Sensitivity, specificity | 0.38, 0.82 | 0.75, 0.58 | 0.72, 0.33 | 0.73, 0.47 | 0.48, 0.76 | 0.28, 0.80 | 0.00, 0.96 | 0.57, 0.71 | |
| N | 769 | 444 | 901 | 2045 | 1,091 | 149 | 79 | 116 | |
| Absolute risk | – | 16.2 | – | – | – | – | – | 24.1 | |
| Relative risk | – | 9.2 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.2 | |
| Session duration | Cut-off | 60 | 25 | 5 | 4 | 25 | 150 | 45 | 20 |
| AUC (95% CIs) | 0.57 (0.47, 0.67) | 0.72 (0.61, 0.83) | 0.45 (0.35, 0.56) | 0.57 (0.49, 0.66) | 0.57 (0.48, 0.66) | 0.60 (0.41, 0.79) | 0.47 (0.33, 0.61) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.85) | |
| Sensitivity, specificity | 0.34, 0.78 | 0.70, 0.62 | 0.00, 1.00 | 0.48, 0.63 | 0.43, 0.67 | 0.38, 0.84 | 0.99, 0.35 | 0.49, 0.71 | |
| N | 781 | 449 | 885 | 1998 | 1,050 | 154 | 79 | 114 | |
| Absolute risk | – | 15.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Relative risk | – | 4.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
a
Bold typeface indicates AUC ≥ 0.70.