Table 2.
Hazard Ratios (HR) for the Risk of Death from Any Cause, Obesity-related Disease, Cardiometabolic Disease, and Obesity-related Cancer by Neighborhood Walkability (NW) (N=13,832)
| Cause-specific Mortality | n | Deaths (n) | NW >Median (vs. ≤ Median) HR (95% CI) | NW Tertile 1 Ref. | NW Tertile 2 HR (95% CI) | NW Tertile 3 HR (95% CI) | Per SD a (Continuous NW) HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| All-Cause | |||||||
| Model 1 b | 13,832 | 4,338 | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | ref. | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) |
| Model 2 c | 13,832 | 4,338 | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | ref. | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| Model 3 in Non-Movers d | 6,440 | 2,304 | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | ref. | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) |
| Model 4 Censoring at LTF, Moving, Withdrawal e | 13,832 | 1,878 | 0.92 (0.87–0.96) | ref. | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) |
| Obesity-related Disease | |||||||
| Model 1 b | 13,832 | 3,102 | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | ref. | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) |
| Model 2 c | 13,832 | 3,102 | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | ref. | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) |
| Model 3 in Non-Movers d | 6,440 | 1,644 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | ref. | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.77 (0.71–0.84) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) |
| Model 4 Censoring at LTF, Moving, Withdrawal e | 13,832 | 1,316 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | ref. | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) |
| Cardiometabolic Disease | |||||||
| Model 1 b | 13,832 | 1,509 | 0.85 (0.68–1.05) | ref. | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.87 (0.78–0.99) |
| Model 2 c | 13,832 | 1,509 | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | ref. | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) |
| Model 3 in Non-Movers d | 6,440 | 817 | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | ref. | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.80 (0.63–1.03) | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) |
| Model 4 Censoring at LTF, Moving, Withdrawal e | 13,832 | 654 | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | ref. | 1.09 (0.91–1.29) | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) |
| Obesity-related Cancer | |||||||
| Model 1 b | 13,832 | 793 | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) | ref. | 0.89 (0.78–1.03) | 0.75 (0.65–0.85) | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) |
| Model 2 c | 13,832 | 793 | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) | ref. | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | 0.72 (0.62–0.85) | 0.90 (0.81–0.99) |
| Model 3 in Non-Movers d | 6,440 | 483 | 0.67 (0.61–0.73) | ref. | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 0.61 (0.50–0.74) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) |
| Model 4 Censoring at LTF, Moving, Withdrawal e | 13,832 | 417 | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | ref. | 0.74 (0.61–0.90) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) |
Continuous neighborhood walkability variable scaled to the standard deviation (SD = 3.11).
Model 1 did not adjust for covariates (univariate model).
Model 2 adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking status, alcohol intake, menopausal status, parity, percent of black population in neighborhood, and percent below the poverty level living in neighborhood at baseline.
Model 3 adjusted for all model 2 covariates in a subset of participants who stayed at the baseline address throughout all the follow-up.
Model 4 adjusted for all model 2 covariates and censored participants at lost to follow-up time, withdrawal date, or moving date.