Table 2.

Risk of bias domains and questions adapted from the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) criteria.

Domain	Key Issue in this Review	Items for Consideration During Assessment
Study participation	Do those subjects who are enrolled/analyzed represent the general admission population of this age group at this facility (or these facilities if multisite)?	(a) Adequate participation in the study by eligible persons (i.e., all those admitted in the target age group). (b) Description of the source population or population of interest. (c) Description of the baseline study sample. (d) Adequate description of the sampling frame and recruitment (i.e., if not a census sample, effort was made to ensure a representative sample of the admission population). (e) Adequate description of the period and place of recruitment (e.g., representative in terms of seasonality, natural fluctuations in causes based on time of day, day of week, etc.). (f) Adequate description of inclusion and exclusion criteria (i.e., any efforts in sample selection should be to make the sample more representative of the general admission population, not less).
Study attrition	Do those subjects who are enrolled represent those in whom the outcome (cause of admission, cause of death) is measured? This is especially relevant to those studies assessing both causes of admission AND causes of death.	(a) Those who are enrolled and those in whom a cause (of admission, death, etc.) was measured are the same. (b) Reasons for losses between enrollment (admission) and outcome ascertainment (cause of admission, cause of death) are provided. (c) Adequate description of participant losses. (d) There are no important differences between participants who completed the study and those who did not.
Listed causes of measurement (i.e., measurement of admission/death)	Do those subjects in whom a cause of admission/death is reported have this cause (or these causes) measured reliably?	(a) A clear definition or description of the listed causes is provided. (b) Method of the determination of causes valid and reliable. (c) The method and setting of measurement of listed causes is the same for all study participants. (d) Appropriate methods of imputation are used for missing listed causes data.