TABLE 1.
Study Cohort Characteristics
| Reference | Study Design | Total Number of Participants | Data Source | Inclusion Criteria (Sepsis Criteria/Admission Type) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geri et al (12) | Cohort | 360 | Two prospective databases from 12 different ICUs | Sepsis-2 criteria for septic shock/ICU admission |
| Seymour et al (13) | Retrospective analysis and a prospective cohort | 20,189 | Twelve hospitals in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, GenIMS study, A Controlled Comparison of Eritoran in Severe Sepsis trial, PROWESS trial, and Protocol-Based Care for Early Septic Shock trial | For Sepsis Endotyping in Emergency Care cohorts, sepsis-3 criteria/ED hospital admission/within first 6 hr of ED presentation. For GenIMS cohort, sepsis-2 criteria/ED hospital admission/within 1 hr of ED presentation. For randomized clinical trials, sepsis-2 criteria for severe sepsis and septic shock |
| Bhavani et al (15) | Cohort | 120 patients with septic shock, 88 | University of Chicago Medicine between 2013 and 2019 | Adults/sepsis-3 criteria for septic shock or one positive Staphylococcus aureus blood culture/ICU admission |
| Ding and Luo (16) | Retrospective analysis | 5,782 | MIMIC-III | Adults/sepsis-3 criteria/ICU admission/within 24 hr of ICU admission |
| Gårdlund et al (17) | Cohort | 1,696 | PROWESS shock clinical trial | Sepsis-2 criteria for septic shock with vasopressors given within 4 hr of each other and <24 hr |
| Han et al (18) | Retrospective analysis | 60,817 (44,018 with sepsis or septic shock) | Two tertiary-care medical centers and four community hospitals | Patients with blood culture orders, 4 consecutive days of antibiotics (or until discharge, if <4 d), IV antibiotics within 24 hr of admission, and early initiation of antibiotics IV antibiotics identified by The Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle guidelines |
| Kudo et al (19) | Retrospective analysis | 3,694 | The Japan Septic Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation study, Tohoku Sepsis Registry, and the Focused Outcomes Research in Emergency Care in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Sepsis, and Trauma sepsis study | Adults/sepsis-1 and -2 criteria for septic shock/ICU admission |
| Scicluna et al (20) | Cohort | 306 | Two ICUs in the Netherlands 2011–2012, 29 ICUs, a nursing home in the Netherlands, U.S. ICUs | Sepsis-2 criteria with expected length of stay >24 hr/ICU admission |
| Sharafoddini et al (21) | Cohort | 5,539 | MIMIC-III | Adults/sepsis-3 criteria/ICU admission |
| Antcliffe et al (22) | Post hoc analysis | 176 | The Vasopressin vs Norepinephrine as Initial Therapy in Septic Shock Trial | Adults/sepsis-1 criteria for septic shock/ICU admission |
| Bhavani et al (23) | Cohort | 12,413 | University of Chicago Medicine 2008–2016 and Loyola University Medical Center 2006–2017 | Patients with a blood culture order, at least 4 consecutive days of antibiotics, and antibiotics received within the first 24 hr of the first procured vital sign, with the first day of antibiotics required to be given within 48 hr before or after the blood culture order/hospital admission |
| Davenport et al (24) | Cohort | 265 | 265 adult patients admitted to U.K. ICUs | Sepsis-2 criteria or community-acquired pneumonia/within <2 d of hospital admission/ICU admission |
| Liu et al (25) | Retrospective analysis | 41,368 | The electronic ICU database | Sepsis-3 criteria/ICU admission |
| Mayhew et al (26) | Cohort | 53,659 | Kaiser Permanente Northern California | Suspected or confirmed infection and sepsis diagnosis and length of stay of at least 12 hr/ED hospital admission |
| Nowak et al (27) | Cohort | 127 | Prognostic Hemodynamic Profiling in the Acutely Ill Emergency Department Patient International Registry | Patients with suspected sepsis symptoms of acute onset (<3 d), blood culture, or lactate orders and confirmed as sepsis/ED admission/Nexfin device monitoring |
| Sweeney et al (28) | Retrospective analysis | 700 | 14 GEO and ArrayExpress databases | Primary admission for bacterial sepsis/hospital or ICU admission |
| Zhang et al (29) | Retrospective analysis | 685 | 12 GEO and ArrayExpress databases | Adult/sepsis/ICU admission |
ED = emergency department, GenIMS = Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis, GEO = gene expression omnibus, MIMIC-III = Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III, PROWESS = Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis.