TABLE 3.

Characteristics of Studies That Predict Treatment Response

Reference	Treatment	Principle Differences Between Clusters	Notable Clustering Variables	Sensitivity Analysis	External Validation
Geri et al (12)	IV fluids	Hemodynamic state	Transesophageal echocardiography measurements	No	No
Seymour et al (13)	Eritoran, early goal-directed therapy, and recombinant activated protein C	Inflammation and coagulation	Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, albumin, lactate, bicarbonate, troponin	Yes	Yes
Han et al (18)	Antibiotics	Response to antibiotic delays	Lactate, age, and sex	Yes	No
Kudo et al (19)	Thrombomodulin	Response to thrombomodulin	Fibrin degradation products, d-dimer	Yes	Yes
Antcliffe et al (22)	Hydrocortisone	Immunocompetence vs suppression	Gene expression	Yes	Other: Clustering method previously discovered so no validation was performed
Liu et al (25)	Early antibiotics, fluids, or vasopressors	Risk of progression to septic shock	Lactate, systolic blood pressure, cardiac SOFA, creatinine, Glasgow Coma Scale, Pao2, urine output, Resp SOFA	Yes	No
Zhang et al (29)	Hydrocortisone	Immunosuppression	Gene expression	Yes	Yes

SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.