TABLE 1.
Demographics and clinical indicators of participants included in the study.
| Variable | DM | DR | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous variable | |||
| Age, years | 53.0(48.0,61.0) | 56.0(51.0,65.0) | 0.022 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 24.4 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.5 | 0.773 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 8.4(6.9,12.0) | 8.5(6.3,10.2) | 0.225 |
| HbA1c, % | 10.1 ± 2.3 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | 0.500 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 0.617 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.0(0.8,1.3) | 1.1(0.9,1.3) | 0.703 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.6(1.0,2.2) | 1.4(1.0,1.9) | 0.184 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 0.337 |
| SBP, mmHg | 124(118,139) | 135(122,148) | 0.003 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79(74,86) | 76(70,85) | 0.449 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 8.0(4.0,13.0) | 12.0(8.0,17.0) | 0.002 |
| Category variable, n/N | |||
| Gender | — | — | 0.625 |
| Male | 38/69 | 36/69 | — |
| Female | 31/69 | 33/69 | — |
| Occupation | — | — | 0.825 |
| Manual workers | 31/65 | 34/64 | — |
| Mental worker | 15/65 | 11/64 | — |
| Both | 19/65 | 19/64 | — |
| Center | — | — | 0.074 |
| Wenzhou | 36/69 | 48/69 | — |
| Hefei | 33/69 | 21/69 | — |
| Hypertension | — | — | 0.078 |
| No | 47/66 | 37/65 | — |
| Yes | 19/66 | 28/65 | — |
| Smoking habits | — | — | 0.530 |
| Non-smokers | 41/66 | 36/65 | — |
| Ex-smokers | 6/66 | 8/65 | — |
| Current smokers | 19/66 | 21/65 | — |
| Alcohol consumption | — | — | 0.921 |
| Non-drinkers | 33/66 | 29/65 | — |
| Ex-drinkers | 3/66 | 9/65 | — |
| Current drinkers | 30/66 | 27/65 | — |
| Three-generation family history | — | — | 0.556 |
| No | 33/63 | 29/66 | — |
| Yes | 30/63 | 37/66 | — |
| Ever insulin therapy | — | — | 0.093 |
| No | 46/65 | 55/65 | — |
| Yes | 19/65 | 10/65 | — |
| Heel pain | — | — | 0.134 |
| No | 55/66 | 46/65 | — |
| Yes | 11/66 | 19/65 | — |
| Vision loss | — | — | 0.005 |
| No | 37/66 | 19/65 | — |
| Yes | 29/66 | 46/65 | — |
Abbreviations: DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without diabetic retinopathy; DR, T2DM with diabetic retinopathy; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.