Table 2.
Ecological risk assessment results regarding the pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs detected on the urban drainage channel of São Vicente city, São Paulo, Brazil. This summary table presents the name of each compound; measured environmental concentration (MEC, ng/L); acute and chronic toxicity data: [(trophic level; organism’s test, toxicological endpoint, and concentration (ng/L)]; assessment factor (AF); and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC, ng /L). Data from the toxicological endpoints was obtained from several published works (References) available from the Ecotoxicology Database (ECOTOX), or, in the absence of derived experimentally data, estimated from the ECOSAR program. Freshwater, (1) seawater, (2); EC10,10% Effective Concentration; EC50: 50% Effective Concentration; LC50: 50% Lethal Concentration; NOEC: No Observed Effect. Concentration; LOEC: Lowest Observed Effect Concentration. For further details, see M&M and Table S3
| Toxicity data | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | MEC | Trophic level | Organisms/species | Endpoint | Concentrations (ng/L) | AF | PNEC | Reference | RQ | |
| (ng/L) | (ng/L) | |||||||||
| Carbamazepine | 2.6 | Acute | Algae | Skeletonema marinoi (2) | 72 h EC50 | 1.00E + 08 | 10,000 | 1.00E + 04 | Minguez et al. (2014) | < 0.01 |
| Crustacea | Artemia salina (2) | 48 h EC50 | 1.00E + 08 | 100E + 04 | Minguez et al. (2014) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Fish | Oryzias latipe (1) | 48 h EC50 | 3.52 E + 07 | 3.52E + 02 | Kim et al. (2009) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Chronic | Algae | Lemna gibba (1) | LOEC/2 | 5.00E + 05 | 100 | 5.00E + 03 | Brain et al. (2004) | < 0.01 | ||
| Crustacea | Ceriodaphnia dubia (1) | NOEC | 2.50E + 04 | 2.50E + 02 | Ferrari et al. (2003) | 0.01 | ||||
| Fish | Danio rerio (1) | NOEC | 2.50E + 07 | 2.50E + 05 | Ferrari et al. (2003) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Caffeine | 726.0 | Acute | Algae | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (1) | 72 h LC50 | 3.39E + 08 | 10,000 | 3.39E + 0 5 | Blaise et al. (2006) | 0.02 |
| Crustacea | Daphnia dubia (1) | 48 h LC50 | 5.00E + 07 | 5.00E + 03 | Moore et al. (2008) | 0.15 | ||||
| Fish | Pimephales promelas (1) | 48 h LC50 | 8.00E + 07 | 8.00E + 03 | Moore et al. (2008) | 0.09 | ||||
| Chronic | Algae | Lemna gibba (1) | LOEC/2 | 5.00E + 05 | 100 | 5.00E + 03 | Brain et al. (2004) | 0.15 | ||
| Crustacea | Ceriodaphnia dubia (1) | NOEC | 2.00E + 07 | 2.00E + 05 | Brain et al. (2004) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Fish | Pimephales promelas (1) | NOEC | 3.00E + 07 | 3.00E + 05 | Brain et al. (2004) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Cocaine | 6.7 | Acute | Algae | Green algae (1) | 96 h EC50 | 4.35E + 06 | 10,000 | 4.35E + 02 | ECOSAR | 0.02 |
| Crustacea | Daphnid(1) | 48 h LC50 | 5.48E + 06 | 5.48E + 02 | ECOSAR | 0.01 | ||||
| Fish | Fish(2) | 96 h LC50 | 4.86E + 07 | 4.86E + 03 | ECOSAR | < 0.01 | ||||
| Chronic | Algae | Green algae (1) | 10^([log (LOEC × NOEC)]/2) | 1.46E + 06 | 100 | 1.46E + 04 | ECOSAR | < 0.01 | ||
| Crustacea | Mysid(2) | 2.29E + 09 | 2.29E + 07 | ECOSAR | < 0.01 | |||||
| Fish | Fish(2) | 7.18E + 06 | 7.18E + 04 | ECOSAR | < 0.01 | |||||
| Acetaminophen | 78.2 | Acute | Algae | Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2) | 72 h EC50 | 2.39E + 08 | 10,000 | 2. 39E + 04 | Claessens et al. (2013) | < 0.01 |
| Crustacea | Artemia salina (2) | 48 h EC50 | 1.00E + 08 | 1. 00E + 04 | Minguez et al. (2014) | 0.01 | ||||
| Fish | Oryzias latipes (1) | 48 h EC50 | 2.66E + 08 | 2.66E + 04 | Kim et al. (2009) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Chronic | Algae | Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2) | 72 h EC10 | 7.21E + 07 | 100 | 7.21E + 05 | Claessens et al. (2013) | < 0.01 | ||
| Crustacea | Daphnia magna (1) | NOEC | 4.03E + 05 | 4.03 E + 03 | Kim et al. (2009) | 0.02 | ||||
| Fish | Danio rerio (1) | LOEC/2 | 5.00E + 03 | 5.00E + 01 | Galus et al. (2013) | 1.56 | ||||
| Losartan | 2680.0 | Acute | Algae | Lemna minor (1) | 96 h EC50 | 6.46E + 07 | 10,000 | 6.46E + 03 | Godoy et al. (2015) | 0.41 |
| Crustacea | Daphnia magna (1) | 48 h LC50 | 331,000.00 | 3.31E + 01 | FDA (2012) | 80.97 | ||||
| Fish | Pimephales promelas (1) | 48 h LC50 | 1.00E + 09 | 1.00E + 06 | FDA (2012) | 0.03 | ||||
| Chronic | Algae | Green algae(1) | 10^ ([log (LOEC × NOEC)]/2) | 1.64E + 06 | 100 | 1.64E + 04 | ECOSAR | 0.16 | ||
| Crustacea | Daphnid(1) | 5.55E + 05 | 5.55E + 03 | ECOSAR | 0.48 | |||||
| Fish | Fish(1) | 2.94E + 05 | 2.94E + 03 | ECOSAR | 0.91 | |||||