Fig 1. An overview of our methods.

The motivation box illustrates the prediction of “FS presence” (shaded in blue), “FS location” (shaded in green), and “AF sustainability” (shaded in red) in selecting the ablation targets for AF, where shaded rectangles indicate the composition of the positive class for each classifier. Note that the initiator-type FS is in both classes of “FS presence” and “AF sustainability”. The bold italic fonts mark the four simulation categories in our synthetic dataset. Steps 1 to 3 describe the training process of our classifiers on synthetic data, and Step 4 illustrates the application of the trained classifiers on patient signals to non-invasively detect their AF mechanisms. In Step 1, white spheres show phase singularity (PS) points, the red arrows show the wavefront movement of rotors, and the red stars mark the focal sites.