TABLE 4.

Roles of EVs in clinical conditions.

Disease condition	Effect	EV origin	Molecules	References
Inflammation
Multiple sclerosis	Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles of EVs	Immune cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, glial cells	Fibrinogen, miRNA	Reviewed in (Alberro et al., 2021; Manu et al., 2021)
Rheumatoid arthritis	Procoagulant and pro-inflammatory effects	leukocytes	IL-8, IL-6, RANTES, ICAM-1, VEGF, IgM	Berckmans et al. (2005)
	anti-inflammatory	neutrophils	TGF-β1, annexin 1	(Gasser and Schifferli, 2004; Dalli et al., 2008)
Cardiovascular diseases	diverse	Endothelial cells, blood cells	miRNA	(Sinning et al., 2011; Holnthoner et al., 2017; Desideri et al., 2021)
atherosclerosis	inflammation, vascular dysfunction, leukocyte adhesion and tissue remodeling, coagulation, thrombosis, apoptosis	Platelets, neutrophils	miRNA	(Owens and Mackman, 2011; Chiva-Blanch and Badimon, 2019; Gomez et al., 2020; Hildebrandt et al., 2021)
Thrombosis
	Coagulation	PEV, neutrophils, leukocytes	TF, PS	(Myers et al., 2003; Campello et al., 2012)
Cancer
	Disease progression, coagulation, thrombosis, angiogenesis	Tumor cells, Platelets	DNA, TF, PS, PDI, PDPN	(Tesselaar et al., 2007; Tesselaar et al., 2009; Thaler et al., 2012; Ruf and Langer, 2014; Carrasco-Ramírez et al., 2016; Alberro et al., 2021)
Cancer-associated thrombosis	coagulation		TF, ESCRT genes, Myc, PDPN	(Tesselaar and Osanto, 2007; Tesselaar et al., 2009; Zwicker et al., 2009)
COVID-19	Pro-inflammatory, coagulation and complement pathways, apoptosis	Platelets, endothelial cell	TF, PS, CRP, cytokines, miRNAs, fibrinogen, fibronectin, complement C1r, serum amyloid P-component, Tenascin	(Zaid et al., 2020; Barberis et al., 2021; Campello et al., 2021; Lam et al., 2021; Sanwlani and Gangoda, 2021)
	anti-inflammatory	unknown	Metabolites (e.g.; Lyso-PS)	Alzahrani et al. (2021)