Table 1.
Characteristics of studies (systematic review).
| Study | Country | Number of patients | Race/ethnicity (%) | Male sex (%) | Age (years) | HbA1C (%) | Body mass index (kg/m2) or obesity (%) | Hypertension (%) | CKD (%) | Mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| An et al. [15] | Korea | 423/598 | 39.9 | 45.0 ± 19.9 | 18.2 | 0.8 | NS | |||
| Bliden et al. [16] | USA | 34/41 | 8.9 ± 2.3 vs. 8.4 ± 1.8 | NS | ||||||
| Bramante et al. [18] | USA | 2333/3923 | 51.6 vs. 44.6 | 73.0 (66.0–80.0) vs. 76.0 (67.0–84.0) | Obesity: 4.8% vs. 9.0% | 56.3 vs. 60.4 | 6.3 vs. 18.6 | NS | ||
| Cernigliaro et al. [19] | Italy | 82/90 | Decreased | |||||||
| Chen et al. [20] | China | 43/77 | 42.9 | 62.0 (56.0–69.0) vs. 67.0 (57.5–73.0) | 7.7 (6.9–9.1) vs. 8.4 (7.4–10.7) | 61.2 | 10.2 | NS | ||
| Cheng et al. [21] | China | 18/32 | 66.7 vs. 46.9 | 48.0 (40.5–56.5) vs. 58.0 (49.5–66.5) | 25.9 (24.7–26.9) vs. 24.5 (21.3–28.0) | 22.2 vs. 43.8 | 27.8 vs. 37.5 | NS | ||
| Crouse et al. [22] | USA | 76/144 | White: 27.6, African American: 64.9 | 50.6 | 8.0 ± 2.6 vs. 7.0 ± 1.8 | 35.2 ± 9.4 vs. 33.6 ± 8.7 | 91.6 | Decreased | ||
| Dave et al. [23] | Africa | 4084/1624 | 39.3 | 55.0 (46.0–63.0) | 55.5 | 9.2 | Decreased | |||
| Do et al. [25] | Korea | 469/1396 | 51.8 vs. 42.1 | 64.8 ± 11.4 vs. 67.4 ± 12.1 | 73.8 vs. 82.1 | 29.4 vs. 47.4 | NS | |||
| Eliboi et al. [26] | Turkey | 379/53 | 45.6 | 63.3 ± 10.3 | 74.1 | 4.6 | NS | |||
| Ghany et al. [29] | USA | 243/350 | Black: 71.0 vs. 70.0 | 39.0 vs. 41.0 | 70.9 ± 8.9 vs. 71.2 ± 8.9 | 7.7 ± 1.5 vs. 6.4 ± 1.5 | 33.2 ± 7.7 vs. 31.7 ± 9.6 | 60.0 vs. 50.0 | Decreased | |
| Goodall et al. [31] | England | 210/166 | White: 25.5, Black: 13.9, Asian: 37.8 | 64.3 | 69.0 (56.0–80.0) | 49.6 | NS | |||
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 1,800,005/1,051,460 | White: 64.5, Black: 4.8, Asian: 16.0 | 58.1 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 78.0 | Decreased | |||
| Kim et al. [35] | Korea | 113/122 | 45.1 | 68.3 ± 11.9 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 62.6 | 7.7 | NS | ||
| Lally et al. [37] | USA | 127/172 | White: 61.4, Black: 30.7 | 98.4 vs. 98.6 | 72.3 ± 8.3 vs. 75.6 ± 9.2 | 7.5 ± 1.4 vs. 6.5 ± 1.3 | 29.7 ± 6.6 vs. 28.0.2 ± 7.0 | 13.4 | Decreased | |
| Li et al. (1) [39] | China | 37/94 | 59.5 vs. 55.3 | 64.6 ± 11.2 vs. 67.7 ± 11.7 | 9.2 ± 4.6 vs.9.0 ± 4.6 | 24.2 ± 3.3 vs. 24.2 ± 3.7 | 62.2 vs. 58.5 | Decreased | ||
| Li et al. (2) [38] | China | 142/245 | 51.1 | 60.0 (49.0–68.0) | 48.6 | 1.0 | NS | |||
| Luk et al. [40] | China | 737/254 | Asian | 55.0 vs. 51.6 | 65.6 (57.7–72.6) vs. 68.9 (61.3–79.7) | 7.3 (6.6–8.5) vs. 6.6 (6.1–7.8) | 24.1 (21.5–27.7) vs. 23.7 (22.2–27.0) | 63.1 vs. 56.7 | 19.5 vs. 37.8 | Decreased |
| Luo et al. (1) [41] | China | 104/179 | 51.0 vs. 57.5 | 63.0 (55.8–68.3) vs. 65.0 (57.5–71.0) | 59.6 vs. 57.0 | Decreased | ||||
| Luo et al. (2) [42] | China | 54/137 | 54.0 vs. 54.0 | 61.0 (56.0–69.0) vs. 61.0 (57.8–68.3) | 8.0 ± 1.9 vs. 6.7 ± 1.9 | 55.5 | 2.0 vs. 2.0 | Decreased | ||
| Ma et al. [43] | USA | 361/995 | White: 72.6, Black: 12.2, Asian: 1.9 | 60.4 vs. 54.1 | 79.5 vs. 85.0 | Decreased | ||||
| Mirani et al. [46] | Italy | 69/21 | 72.5 vs. 71.4 | 69.0 ± 13.0 vs. 75.0 ± 8.0 | Obesity: 47.8% vs. 47.6% | 72.5 vs. 90.5 | 11.6 vs. 42.9 | NS | ||
| Mirsoleymani et al. [47] | Iran | 36/69 | 72.4 | 59.8 ± 17.2 | 37.1 | NS | ||||
| Nafakhi et al. [48] | Iraq | 35/32 | 43.0 | 60.0 ± 10.0 | 29.8 ± 5.0 | 66.0 | Decreased | |||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 5077/24,439 | White: 47.9, African American: 25.5, Asian: 3.1 | 48.2 | 60.9 ± 15.0 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 32.8 ± 8.9 | 47.7 | 15.5 | Decreased |
| Oh et al. [51] | Korea | 7204/20,289 | 44.7 vs. 38.2 | 3.4 vs. 4.1 | NS | |||||
| Ong et al. [52] | Philippines | 186/169 | 58.6 vs. 52.7 | 61.6 ± 11.6 vs. 63.9 ± 12.8 | 7.0 ± 2.4 vs. 7.6 ± 1.9 | Obesity: 62.0% vs. 65.1% | 73.1 vs. 76.3 | 4.8 vs. 21.9 | Decreased | |
| Orioli et al. [53] | Belgium | 45/23 | 48.0 | 69.0 ± 14.0 | 7.1 (6.6–8.3) | 30.5 ± 5.3 | 80.8 | 34.2 | Decreased | |
| Perez-Belmonte et al. [54] | Spain | 825/663 | 65.7 vs. 57.2 | 74.8 ± 7.9 vs. 77.1 ± 7.1 | Obesity: 26.4% vs. 26.1% | 74.2 vs. 79.5 | 4.7 vs. 29.0 | NS | ||
| Philipose et al. [55] | England | 100/59 | White: 45.5, Afro-Caribbean: 20.2, Asian: 19.1 | 59.0 | 50.2 | NS | ||||
| Ramos-Rincon et al. [56] | Spain | 421/369 | 47.1 | Obesity: 17.7% | 84.3 | 17.2 | NS | |||
| Ravindra et al. [57] | India | 53/313 | 63.2 | 46.7 ± 17.1 | 28.7 | 0.9 | NS | |||
| Saygili et al. [60] | Turkey | 432/154 | 49.8 vs. 50.2 | 65.0 ± 11.2 vs. 68.9 ± 13.5 | 8.0 (6.8–9.9) vs. 7.7 (6.7–10.1) | 67.1 vs. 70.1 | 0.0 | Decreased | ||
| Shetaskova et al. [61] | Russia | 196/113 | Decreased | |||||||
| Silverii et al. [62] | Italy | 76/83 | 54.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | Decreased | |||||
| Sourij et al. [63] | Austria | 77/103 | 63.9 | 67.6 ± 14.0 | 6.7 (1.9) | 29.4 ± 5.7 | 77.0 | 23.1 | NS | |
| Tamura et al. [65] | Brazil | 116/72 | 63.5 vs. 61.6 | 62.1 ± 15.1 vs. 68.6 ± 17.3 | 29.2 ± 5.3 vs. 29.4 ± 5.1 | 60.3 vs. 76.4 | 1.7 vs. 12.3 | Decreased | ||
| Wander et al. [66] | USA | 29,685/64,892 | White: 66.0, Black: 27.0, Hispanic: 9.0 | 64.0 | 67.7 | 89.0 | 36.0 | Decreased | ||
| Wang et al. (1) [67] | USA | 9/7 | African American: 23.0, Hispanic: 16.0 | 52.0 | 67 (12.5) | 27.6 | 64.0 | 24.0 | NS | |
| Wang et al. (2) [68] | England | 110/54 | 61.9 vs. 52.0 | 64.8 ± 11.7 vs. 67.8 ± 13.1 | 32.1 ± 6.7 vs. 31.8 ± 6.8 | 59.1 vs. 60.7 | 13.0 vs. 24.2 | NS | ||
| Wargny et al. [69] | France | 1553/1241 | White: 58.1, African: 17.4, Asian: 3.6 | 36.3 | 69.7 ± 13.2 | 7.7 (6.8–9.0) | 28.4 (25.0–32.4) | 76.8 | Decreased | |
| Cheng et al. [12] | China | 678/553 | 53.8 vs. 49.9 | 62.0 (55.0–68.0) vs. 64.0 (58.0–70.0) | 8.1 (7.0–9.9) vs. 7.6 (6.7–8.9) | 24.3 (22.0–25.9) vs. 24.5 (22.6–26.2) | 2.4 vs. 2.6 | NS | ||
| Yuan et al. [72] | China | 73/109 | 52.1 | 62.0 (55.0–70.0) | 8.3 (7.2–9.9) | 23.7 (22.0–25.4) | 52.1 | 0.0 | Decreased | |
| Pazoki et al. [13] | Iran | 177/216 | 56.2 | 65.4 ± 11.6 | 28.0 ± 5.1 | 65.4 | 7.9 | NS | ||
| SU users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| An et al. [15] | Korea | 212/809 | 39.9 | 45.0 ± 19.9 | 18.2 | 0.8 | NS | |||
| Cernigliaro et al. [19] | Italy | 35/137 | NS | |||||||
| Chen et al. [20] | China | 53/67 | 42.9 | 66.0 (60.0–72.5) vs. 65.0 (55.0–73.0) | 8.3 (7.4–9.5) vs. 7.7 (7.1–10.4) | 61.2 | 10.2 | NS | ||
| Dave et al. [23] | Africa | 2110/3598 | 39.3 | 55.0 (46.0–63.0) | 55.5 | 9.2 | NS | |||
| Eliboi et al. [26] | Turkey | 66/366 | 45.6 | 63.3 ± 10.3 | 74.1 | 4.6 | NS | |||
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 561,290/2,290,175 | White: 63.7, Black: 5.0, Asian: 17.2 | 60.5 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 80.7 | Decreased | |||
| Kim et al. [35] | Korea | 60/175 | 45.1 | 68.3 ± 11.9 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 62.6 | 7.7 | NS | ||
| Li et al. (1) [39] | China | 22/109 | 56.5 | 66.8 ± 11.6 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 59.5 | NS | ||
| Li et al. (2) [38] | China | 91/296 | 51.1 | 60.0 (49.0–68.0) | 48.6 | 1.0 | NS | |||
| Luk et al. [40] | China | 385/679 | Asian | 57.7 vs. 51.5 | 66.0 (58.5–73.1) vs. 65.3 (57.3–73.6) | 7.7 (6.9–9.1) vs. 6.9 (6.4–8.2) | 24.4 (21.8–27.8) vs. 23.5 (21.5–27.0) | 69.4 vs. 48.5 | 25.5 vs. 19.9 | NS |
| Luo et al. [42] | China | 37/154 | 56.5 | 62.7 ± 11.0 | 7.9 (6.3–9.0) | 55.5 | 3.0 | Decreased | ||
| Mirani et al. [46] | Italy | 10/80 | 60.0 vs. 73.8 | 75.0 ± 8.0 vs. 70.0 ± 12.0 | Obesity: 50.0% vs. 47.5% | 80.0 vs. 76.3 | 0.0 vs. 21.4 | NS | ||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 1889/27,627 | White: 47.9, African American: 25.5, Asian: 3.1 | 48.2 | 60.9 ± 15.0 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 32.8 ± 8.9 | 47.7 | 15.5 | Decreased |
| Oh et al. [51] | Korea | 3680/23,813 | NS | |||||||
| Orioli et al. [53] | Belgium | 19/49 | 48.0 | 69.0 ± 14.0 | 7.1 (6.6–8.3) | 30.5 ± 5.3 | 80.8 | 34.2 | NS | |
| Shetaskova et al. [61] | Russia | 129/180 | NS | |||||||
| Silverii et al. [62] | Italy | 33/126 | 54.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | NS | |||||
| Sourij et al. [63] | Austria | 14/166 | 63.9 | 67.6 ± 14.0 | 6.7 (1.9) | 29.4 ± 5.7 | 77.0 | 23.1 | NS | |
| Wander et al. [66] | USA | 12,298/52,594 | White: 66.0, Black: 27.0, Hispanic: 9.0 | 64.0 | 67.7 | 89.0 | 36.0 | NS | ||
| Wargny et al. [69] | France | 782/2012 | White: 58.1, African: 17.4, Asian: 3.6 | 36.3 | 69.7 ± 13.2 | 7.7 (6.8–9.0) | 28.4 (25.0–32.4) | 76.8 | NS | |
| Yuan et al. [72] | China | 43/139 | 55.8 | 67.0 (60.0–73.0) | 8.5 (7.0–9.5) | 23.7 (22.0–25.4) | 48.8 | 0.0 | Decreased | |
| Pazoki et al. [13] | Iran | 72/321 | 56.2 | 65.4 ± 11.6 | 28.0 ± 5.1 | 65.4 | 7.9 | NS | ||
| TZD users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| Cernigliaro et al. [19] | Italy | 10/162 | NS | |||||||
| Eliboi et al. [26] | Turkey | 27/405 | 45.6 | 63.3 ± 10.3 | 74.1 | 4.6 | NS | |||
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 60,085/2,791,380 | White: 63.5, Black: 3.7, Asian: 18.4 | 63.4 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 80.5 | NS | |||
| Luo et al. [42] | China | 7/184 | 56.5 | 62.7 ± 11.0 | 7.9 (6.3–9.0) | 55.5 | 3.0 | NS | ||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 469/23,714 | White:52.4, African American: 23.2, Asian: 3.5 | 53.3 vs. 48.8 | 63.1 ± 12.5 vs. 60.9 ± 15.3 | 8.2 ± 2.0 vs. 7.5 ± 2.1 | 34.3 ± 9.0 vs. 32.3 ± 8.7 | 52.1 vs. 44.9 | 17.4 vs. 14.9 | NS |
| Oh et al. [51] | Korea | 1264/26,229 | NS | |||||||
| Silverii et al. [62] | Italy | 8/151 | 54.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | NS | |||||
| Wander et al. [66] | USA | 2075/62,817 | White: 66.0, Black: 27.0, Hispanic: 9.0 | 64.0 | 67.7 | 89.0 | 36.0 | NS | ||
| AGI users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| An et al. [15] | Korea | 7/1014 | 39.9 | 45.0 ± 19.9 | 18.2 | 0.8 | Increased | |||
| Chen et al. [20] | China | 69/51 | 42.9 | 66.0 (57.5–73.0) vs. 65.0 (56.0–72.0) | 8.4 (7.4–10.3) vs. 7.9 (6.9–9.1) | 61.2 | 10.2 | NS | ||
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 1665/2,849,800 | White: 56.5, Black: 7.5, Asian: 23.4 | 56.8 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 87.4 | NS | |||
| Li et al. (1) [39] | China | 38/93 | 56.5 | 66.8 ± 11.6 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 59.5 | NS | ||
| Li et al. (2) [38] | China | 140/247 | 51.1 | 60.0 (49.0–68.0) | 48.6 | 1.0 | NS | |||
| Luo et al. [42] | China | 77/114 | 65.0 vs. 63.0 | 62.3 ± 9.6 vs. 61.9 ± 9.4 | 7.9 ± 1.8 vs. 8.3 ± 2.0 | 55.5 | 2.2 vs. 0.0 | Decreased | ||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 16/29,500 | White: 47.9, African American: 25.5, Asian: 3.1 | 48.2 | 60.9 ± 15.0 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 32.8 ± 8.9 | 47.7 | 15.5 | NS |
| Yuan et al. [72] | China | 88/94 | 51.1 | 66.0 (57.0–72.0) | 8.2 (7.0–9.2) | 23.7 (22.0–25.4) | 58.0 | 1.1 | Decreased | |
| GLP-1RA users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| Cernigliaro et al. [19] | Italy | 8/164 | NS | |||||||
| Israelsen et al. [32] | Denmark | 370/558 | 53.0 | 59.0 (51.0–70.0) | Obesity: 29.2% | 56.2 | NS | |||
| Kahkoska et al. [33] | US | 6692/5854 | White: 64.1 | 40.9 | 55.7 ± 12.6 | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 37.2 ± 8.1 | 74.9 vs. 76.0 | 18.5 | Decreased |
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 100,820/2,750,645 | White: 76.3, Black: 3.3, Asian: 7.9 | 51.7 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 83.1 | NS | |||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 1774/23,714 | White: 52.3, Black: 28.7, Asian: 0.9 | 39.2 vs. 48.8 | 55.0 ± 12.7 vs. 60.9 ± 15.3 | 8.4 ± 2.2 vs. 7.5 ± 2.1 | 37.5 ± 9.3 vs. 32.3 ± 8.7 | 55.9 vs. 44.9 | 12.9 vs. 14.9 | Decreased |
| Orioli et al. [53] | Belgium | 5/63 | 48.0 | 69.0 ± 14.0 | 7.1 (6.6–8.3) | 30.5 ± 5.3 | 80.8 | 34.2 | NS | |
| Ramos-Rincon et al. [56] | Spain | 37/753 | 47.1 | Obesity: 17.7% | 84.3 | 17.2 | NS | |||
| Shetaskova et al. [61] | Russia | 1/308 | NS | |||||||
| Silverii et al. [62] | Italy | 7/152 | 54.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | NS | |||||
| Sourij et al. [63] | Austria | 3/177 | 63.9 | 67.6 ± 14.0 | 6.7 (1.9) | 29.4 ± 5.7 | 77.0 | 23.1 | NS | |
| Wander et al. [66] | USA | 4737/60,155 | White: 66.0, Black: 27.0, Hispanic: 9.0 | 64.0 | 67.7 | 89.0 | 36.0 | NS | ||
| Wargny et al. [69] | France | 254/2540 | White: 58.1, African: 17.4, Asian: 3.6 | 36.3 | 69.7 ± 13.2 | 7.7 (6.8–9.0) | 28.4 (25.0–32.4) | 76.8 | NS | |
| DPP-4i users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| An et al. [15] | Korea | 229/792 | 39.9 | 45.0 ± 19.9 | 18.2 | 0.8 | NS | |||
| Cernigliaro et al. [19] | Italy | 13/159 | NS | |||||||
| Chen et al. [20] | China | 20/100 | 42.9 | 66.0 (56.0–73.0) vs. 65.0 (57.0–72.0) | 7.8 (6.8–10.6) vs. 8.3 (7.3–9.5) | 61.2 | 10.2 | NS | ||
| Eliboi et al. [26] | Turkey | 246/186 | 45.6 | 63.3 ± 10.3 | 74.1 | 4.6 | NS | |||
| Emral et al. [27] | Turkey | 6846/26,632 | 42.0 vs. 41.3 | 60.0 (16.0) vs. 52.0 (24.0) | 8.1 (2.7) vs. 6.4 (1.6) | 30.8 (6.7) vs. 29.4 (7.3) | 85.6 vs. 64.0 | Decreased | ||
| Fanidi et al. [28] | Italy | 9/72 | 72.2 ± 12.8 vs. 70.1 ± 13.3 | 7.5 ± 3.3 vs. 7.6 ± 4.3 | 88.9 vs. 67.1 | 11.2 vs. 15.8 | NS | |||
| Israelsen et al. [32] | Denmark | 284/644 | 60.9 | 67.0 (57.0–76.0) | Obesity: 12.3% | 61.6 | NS | |||
| Kahkoska et al. [33] | USA | 3511/8935 | White: 57.4 | 49.9 | 64.1 ± 12.9 vs. 58.6 ± 13.1 | 7.8 ± 1.9 vs. 8.0 ± 1.9 | 36.0 ± 6.2 vs. 35.4 ± 8.2 | 78.7 vs. 76.0 | 31.6 | Increased |
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 479,555/2,371,910 | White: 65.5, Black: 4.7, Asian: 15.7 | 58.3 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 81.6 | Increased | |||
| Kim et al. [35] | Korea | 85/150 | 45.1 | 68.3 ± 11.9 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 62.6 | 7.7 | NS | ||
| Kristan et al. [36] | USA | 76/756 | White: 32.7, African American: 52.0, Asian: 1.4 | 51.0 | 62.0 ± 15.0 | 7.9 ± 2.3 | 32.9 ± 8.6 | 78.4 | 21.3 | NS |
| Luk et al. [40] | China | 199/952 | Asian | 59.3 vs. 53.2 | 67.0 (58.4–75.5) vs. 65.1 (56.8–72.2) | 7.6 (6.8–8.9) vs. 7.2 (6.5–8.9) | 25.0 (18.7–27.0) vs. 23.3 (21.6–27.4) | 61.8 vs. 52.3 | 36.2 vs. 17.2 | NS |
| Luo et al. [42] | China | 11/180 | 56.5 | 62.7 ± 11.0 | 7.9 (6.3–9.0) | 55.5 | 3.0 | NS | ||
| Meijer et al. [45] | Netherlands | 28/537 | 60.7 vs. 64.2 | 66.9 ± 12.4 vs. 69.5 ± 12.5 | 29.1 ± 6.0 vs. 29.8 ± 6.3 | 66.7 vs. 70.0 | 25.9 vs. 14.4 | NS | ||
| Mirani et al. [46] | Italy | 11/79 | 90.9 vs. 69.6 | 70.0 ± 13.0 vs. 71.0 ± 12.0 | Obesity: 27.3% vs. 50.6% | 54.6 vs. 79.8 | 18.2 vs. 19.0 | Decreased | ||
| Noh et al. [49] | Korea | 453/133 | 49.2 vs. 55.6 | 21.2 vs. 18.0 | NS | |||||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 2264/23,714 | White: 49.2, African American: 36.6, Asian: 5.1 | 49.1 vs. 48.8 | 64.6 ± 13.5 vs. 60.9 ± 15.3 | 8.0 ± 2.0 vs. 7.5 ± 2.1 | 31.4 ± 8.1 vs. 32.3 ± 8.7 | 55.9 vs. 44.9 | 22.4 vs. 14.9 | Increased |
| Oh et al. [51] | Korea | 4132/23,361 | NS | |||||||
| Orioli et al. [53] | Belgium | 4/64 | 48.0 | 69.0 ± 14.0 | 7.1 (6.6–8.3) | 30.5 ± 5.3 | 80.8 | 34.2 | NS | |
| Perez-Belmonte et al. [54] | Spain | 180/1409 | 59.4 vs. 62.9 | 78.8 ± 7.1 vs. 74.7 ± 8.2 | Obesity: 30.6% vs. 28.1% | 55.6 vs. 56.5 | 32.2 vs. 11.9 | Increased | ||
| Ramos-Rincon et al. [56] | Spain | 266/524 | 47.1 | Obesity: 17.7% | 84.3 | 17.2 | Decreased | |||
| Shetaskova et al. [61] | Russia | 26/283 | NS | |||||||
| Silverii et al. [62] | Italy | 13/146 | 54.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | NS | |||||
| Sourij et al. [63] | Austria | 42/138 | 63.9 | 67.6 ± 14.0 | 6.7 (1.9) | 29.4 ± 5.7 | 77.0 | 23.1 | NS | |
| Strollo et al. [64] | Italy | 30/163 | 54.9 | 76.7 ± 11.8 | NS | |||||
| Wander et al. [66] | USA | 5810/59,082 | White: 66.0, Black: 27.0, Hispanic: 9.0 | 64.0 | 67.7 | 89.0 | 36.0 | NS | ||
| Wargny et al. [69] | France | 615/2179 | White: 58.1, African: 17.4, Asian: 3.6 | 36.3 | 69.7 ± 13.2 | 7.7 (6.8–9.0) | 28.4 (25.0–32.4) | 76.8 | NS | |
| Wong et al. [70] | China | 107/1107 | 60.7 vs. 53.7 | 66.3 ± 11.7 vs. 65.1 ± 13.0 | 7.8 ± 2.3 vs. 7.4 ± 2.5 | Obesity: 15% vs. 11.3% | 88.8 vs. 75.2 | 30.8 vs. 11.3 | NS | |
| Pazoki et al. [13] | Iran | 20/373 | 56.2 | 65.4 ± 11.6 | 28.0 ± 5.1 | 65.4 | 7.9 | NS | ||
| SGLT-2i users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| Cernigliaro et al. [19] | Italy | 4/168 | Decreased | |||||||
| Eliboi et al. [26] | Turkey | 56/376 | 45.6 | 63.3 ± 10.3 | 74.1 | 4.6 | NS | |||
| Israelsen et al. [32] | Denmark | 274/654 | 61.8 | 59.0 (52.0–68.0) | Obesity: 15.4% | 49.6 | NS | |||
| Kahkoska et al. [33] | USA | 3665/8781 | White: 33.9 | 55.2 | 57.9 ± 11.7 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 35.2 ± 7.8 | 77.3 | 16.3 | Decreased |
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 266,505/2,584,960 | White: 66.8, Black: 3.6, Asian: 15.2 | 60.8 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 75.4 | Decreased | |||
| Kim et al. [35] | Korea | 8/227 | 45.1 | 68.3 ± 11.9 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 62.6 | 7.7 | NS | ||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 792/28,724 | White: 47.9, African American: 25.5, Asian: 3.1 | 48.2 | 60.9 ± 15.0 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 32.8 ± 8.9 | 47.7 | 15.5 | Decreased |
| Orioli et al. [53] | Belgium | 4/64 | 48.0 | 69.0 ± 14.0 | 7.1 (6.6–8.3) | 30.5 ± 5.3 | 80.8 | 34.2 | NS | |
| Ramos-Rincon et al. [56] | Spain | 45/745 | 47.1 | Obesity: 17.7% | 84.3 | 17.2 | NS | |||
| Shetaskova et al. [61] | Russia | 13/296 | NS | |||||||
| Silverii et al. [62] | Italy | 4/155 | 54.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | NS | |||||
| Sourij et al. [63] | Austria | 24/156 | 63.9 | 67.6 ± 14.0 | 6.7 (1.9) | 29.4 ± 5.7 | 77.0 | 23.1 | NS | |
| Wander et al. [66] | USA | 5542/59,350 | White: 66.0, Black: 27.0, Hispanic: 9.0 | 64.0 | 67.7 | 89.0 | 36.0 | Decreased | ||
| Insulin users/nonusers | ||||||||||
| Agarwal et al. [14] | USA | 531/661 | White: 15.5, African American: 74.5 | 49.3 | 67.9 ± 13.7 | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 30.1 ± 7.5 | 90.9 | 42.5 | Increased |
| Boye et al. [17] | USA | 3461/6070 | Caucasian: 47, African American: 31, Asian: 2, Hispanic: 5 | 46.0 | 71.6 ± 12.5 | 7.2 | 37 | Increased | ||
| Cernigliaro et al. [19] | Italy | 42/130 | NS | |||||||
| Chen et al. [20] | China | 7/49 | 42.9 | 65.0 (57.0–72.0) vs. 65.0 (56.0–73.0) | 8.8 (7.4–10.9) vs. 7.5 (6.8–8.3) | 61.2 | 10.2 | Increased | ||
| Cheng et al. [12] | China | 11/39 | 54.5 vs. 53.8 | 58.0 (54.0–60.0) vs. 52.0 (44.0–65.0) | 24.8 (19.9–25.6) vs. 26.0 (23.8–27.2) | 27.3 vs. 38.5 | 27.3 vs. 35.9 | NS | ||
| Crouse et al. [22] | USA | 87/133 | White: 27.6, African American: 64.9 | 50.6 | Obesity: 74.5% | 91.6 | NS | |||
| Dave et al. [23] | Africa | 2073/3635 | 39.3 | 55.0 (46.0–63.0) | 55.5 | 9.2 | Increased | |||
| Deng et al. [24] | China | 29/56 | 57.6 | 65.0 (34.0–91.0) | 68.2 | 7.1 | NS | |||
| Giorda et al. [30] | Italy | 656/1226 | 50.9 | 84.4 | 60.1 | NS | ||||
| Khunti et al. [34] | England | 350,960/2,500,505 | White: 71.1, Black: 4.7, Asian: 12.3 | 54.5 | 67.0 (57.0–77.0) | 85.2 | Increased | |||
| Kim et al. [35] | Korea | 19/216 | 45.1 | 68.3 ± 11.9 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 62.6 | 7.7 | NS | ||
| Kristan et al. [36] | USA | 281/551 | White: 32.7, African American: 52.0, Asian: 1.4 | 51.0 | 62.0 ± 15.0 | 7.9 ± 2.3 | 32.9 ± 8.6 | 78.4 | 21.3 | NS |
| Lally et al. [37] | USA | 103/190 | White: 54.4, Black: 40.8 | 97.1 | 73.3 ± 9.4 vs. 75.6 ± 9.2 | 7.7 ± 1.5 vs. 6.5 ± 1.3 | 29.3 ± 3.0 vs. 28.0.2 ± 7.0 | 52.4 | NS | |
| Li et al. (1) [39] | China | 26/105 | 56.5 | 66.8 ± 11.6 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 59.5 | NS | ||
| Li et al. (2) [38] | China | 102/285 | 51.1 | 60.0 (49.0–68.0) | 48.6 | 1.0 | NS | |||
| Luk et al. [40] | China | 385/679 | Asian | 57.7 vs. 51.5 | 66.0 (58.5–73.1) vs. 65.3 (57.3–73.6) | 7.7 (6.9–9.1) vs. 6.9 (6.4–8.2) | 22.9 (19.8–25.9) vs. 24.4 (22.2–27.4) | 69.4 vs. 48.5 | 25.5 vs. 19.9 | Increased |
| Luo et al. [42] | China | 88/103 | 56.5 | 62.7 ± 11.0 | 7.9 (6.3–9.0) | 55.5 | 3.0 | NS | ||
| Mansour et al. [44] | Iran | 25/86 | 55.9 | 63.6 ± 13.3 | 28.2 ± 5.6 | 57.7 | 9.0 | NS | ||
| Mirani et al. [46] | Italy | 29/61 | 72.4 vs. 72.1 | 72.0 ± 10.0 vs. 70.0 ± 13.0 | Obesity: 51.7% vs. 45.9% | 79.3 vs. 75.4 | 31.0 vs. 13.1 | Increased | ||
| Nyland et al. [50] | USA | 9149/20,367 | White: 47.9, African American: 25.5, Asian: 3.1 | 48.2 | 60.9 ± 15.0 | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 32.8 ± 8.9 | 47.7 | 15.5 | Increased |
| Oh et al. [51] | Korea | 914/26,579 | NS | |||||||
| Orioli et al. [53] | Belgium | 31/37 | 48.0 | 69 ± 14 | 7.1 (6.6–8.3) | 30.5 ± 5.3 | 80.8 | 34.2 | NS | |
| Perez-Belmonte et al. [54] | Spain | 292/1458 | 77.9 ± 9.0 | Obesity: 20.9% vs. 28.8% | 50.0 vs. 57.8 | Increased | ||||
| Ramos-Rincon et al. [56] | Spain | 225/565 | 47.1 | Obesity: 17.7% | 84.3 | 17.2 | NS | |||
| Riahl et al. [58] | USA | 88/78 | White: 6.0, African American: 71.0 | 52.0 | 66.4 ± 12.7 | 8.6 ± 2.5 vs. 7.0 ± 1.7 | 31.1 ± 8.5 | 91.0 | 25.0 | Increased |
| Satman et al. [59] | Turkey | 3340/15,318 | 42.3 | 53.0 (22.0) | 6.9 (2.3) | 30.0 (7.1) | 66.4 | 18.9 | Increased | |
| Shetaskova et al. [61] | Russia | 115/194 | Increased | |||||||
| Silverii et al. [62] | Italy | 43/116 | 54.1 | 73.3 ± 12.7 | NS | |||||
| Sourij et al. [63] | Austria | 41/139 | 63.9 | 67.6 ± 14.0 | 6.7 (1.9) | 29.4 ± 5.7 | 77.0 | 23.1 | NS | |
| Wander et al. [66] | USA | 18,521/46,371 | White: 66.0, Black: 27.0, Hispanic: 9.0 | 64.0 | 67.7 | 89.0 | 36.0 | Increased | ||
| Wargny et al. [69] | France | 1039/1757 | White: 58.1, African: 17.4, Asian: 3.6 | 36.3 | 69.7 ± 13.2 | 7.7 (6.8–9.0) | 28.4 (25.0–32.4) | 76.8 | Increased | |
| Yan et al. [71] | China | 4/30 | 68.8 | 69.4 ± 9.9 | 7.2 (6.7–8.3) | 50.0 | 0.0 | Increased | ||
| Yuan et al. [72] | China | 76/106 | 47.4 | 66.0 (61.0–72.0) | 8.6 (7.9–10.0) | 23.7 (22.0–25.4) | 57.9 | 2.6 | Increased | |
| Pazoki et al. [13] | Iran | 53/340 | 56.2 | 65.4 ± 11.6 | 28.0 ± 5.1 | 65.4 | 7.9 | NS | ||
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR).
Abbreviation: AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; NS, not significant; SGLT-2i, sodium–glucose transporter-2 inhibitor; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione.