TABLE 2.
Summary of outcome data for studies reporting dietary outcomes (energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, and fat intake)
| Baseline measure (SD), group number (n) | Final/follow-up measure (SD), group number (n) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study (year) (reference) | Outcome measures | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Effect size |
| Randomized controlled trials | ||||||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) (kcal/meal) | ||||||
| Aldana et al. (2005) (45) | Energy intake (kcal/d) | n = 662093 kcal/d | n = 791793.3 kcal/d | 6 wk: n = 626 mo: n = 616 wk: 1826.2 kcal/d6 mo: 1512.7 kcal/d | 6 wk: n = 796 mo: n = 766 wk:1657.3 kcal/d6 mo:1673.6 kcal/d | 6 wk: int: −266.8 kcal vs. −136 kcal in cont (P = 0.2435)6 mo: int: −580.3 kcal vs. −119.7 in cont (P = 0.0004) |
| Barratt et al. (1994) (56) | Energy intake (kcal/d) | n = not reportedSelf-help: 2077 kcal/dNutrition course: 2388 kcal/daySD not reported | n = not reported2197 kcal/dSD not reported | n = not reportedSelf-help: 1862 kcal/dNutrition course: 1887 kcal/dSD not reported | n = not reported1934 kcal/dSD not reported | Nutrition course vs. self-help (P = 0.04)Nutrition course: int. −501 kcal vs. −263 kcal in cont (P = 0.05) |
| Leedo et al. (2017) (24) | Energy intake (kcal/d) | n = 591935 (347) kcal/d | n = 591935 (347) kcal/d | n = 591794 (309) kcal/d | n = 591799 (386) kcal/d | Int: −141 kcal vs. −136 kcal in cont (P = 0.943) |
| Lowe et al. (2010) (47) | kcal/meal | n = 47Baseline month 1: 665.1 (185.1) kcal/mealBaseline month 2: 572.2 (163.4) kcal/meal | n = 49Baseline month 1: 665.1 (185.1) kcal/mealBaseline month 2: 572.2 (163.4) kcal/meal | n = 471 mo: 580.4 (159.2) kcal/meal3 mo: 570(179.9) kcal/meal | n = 491 mo: 580.4 (159.2) kcal/meal3 mo: 570 (179.9) kcal/meal | No significant results |
| Stites et al. (2015) (48) | kcal/meal | n = 10675.2 kcal/meal (int and cont)SD not reported | n = 15675.2 kcal/meal (int and cont)SD not reported | n = 10601.1 kcal/mealSD not reported | n = 15745.7 kcal/mealSD not reported | Int: −74.1 kcal vs. +70.5 kcal in cont (P = 0.01) |
| Tate et al. (2001) (49) | Energy intake (kcal/d) | n = 321558 (654) kcal/d | n = 301757 (857) kcal/d | n = 323 mo: 1062 (395) kcal/d6 mo: 1146 (450) kcal/d | n = 33 mo: 1256 (696) kcal/d6 mo: 1286 (564) kcal/d | 3 mo: int: −496 kcal vs. −501 kcal in cont (P = NR)6 mo: int: −412 kcal vs. −471 kcal in cont (P = 0.88) |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d), fruit intake (servings/d), vegetable intake (servings/d) | ||||||
| Aldana et al. (2005) (45) | Fruit intake (mean servings/d)Vegetable intake (mean servings/d) | n = 661.4 servings/d3.2 servings/dSD not reported | n = 791.5 servings/d3.3 servings/dSD not reported | 6 wk: n = 626 mo: n = 616 wk: 2.7servings/d6 mo: 2 servings/d6 wk: 4.8 servings/d6 mo: 4.7 servings/dSD not reported | 6 wk: n = 796 mo: n = 766 wk:1.6 servings/day6 mo:1.7 servings/day6 wk: 3.3 servings/day6 mo: 3.4servings/daySD not reported | 6 wk: int: +1.3 fruit servings vs. +0.1 in cont (P < 0.0001)6 mo: int: +0.6 vs. +0.2 in cont (P < 0.0001)6 wk: int: +1.6 veg servings vs. no change in cont (P < 0.0001)6 mo: int: +1.5 vs. +0.1 in cont (P = 0.0002) |
| Brug et al. (1999) (55) | Fruit intake (mean servings/d) Vegetable intake (mean servings/d) | n = 1521.62 servings/d1.14 servings/dSD not reported | n = 1631.61 servings/d1.04 servings/dSD not reported | n = 1522.02 servings/d1.07 servings/dSD not reported | n = 1631.91 servings/d1.13 servings/dSD not reported | Int: +0.4 vs. +0.3 in cont (NS)Int: −0.07 vs. +0.09 in cont (P = <0.07) |
| Lusczynska and Haynes(2009) (54) | Fruit and vegetable intake (mean servings/d) | n = 1042.15 (0.99) servings/d (int and cont) | n = 782.15 (0.99) servings/d (int and cont) | n = 104 (ITT)2.65 (0.99) servings/d | n = 78 (ITT)2.41 (0.84) servings/d | Int: +0.5 servings vs. +0.26 servings in cont (P = NR)Cohen's d = 0.5 (medium effect size) |
| Sorensen (1998) (1999) andHunt et al. (2001) (20–22) | Fruit and vegetable intake (mean servings/d) | n = 1359Worksite plus family: 2.66 servings/dWorksite: 2.73 servings/dSD not reported | n = 13592.66 servings/dSD not reported | n = NRWorksite plus family: 2.96 servings/dWorksite: 2.81 servings/dSD not reported | n = NR2.62 servings/dSD not reported | Worksite plus family:+16% (equates to 0.4–0.5 servings) vs. −2% in cont (P < 0.05)Worksite: +3% (approximately 0.1 servings) vs. −2% cont (P > 0.05) |
| Fat intake (% of EI/d), (g/d), saturated fat intake (g/d) | ||||||
| Aldana et al. (2005) (45) | Fat intake (% EI/d)Fat intake (g/d)Saturated fat intake (g/d) | n = 6634.5% of EI83.5 g/d25 g/dSD not reported | n = 7934.3% of EI71.1 g/d20.5 g/dSD not reported | 6 wk: n = 626 mo: n = 616 wk: 27.5% of EI6 mo: 27.8% of EI6 wk: 60.4 g/d6 mo: 48.9 g/d6 wk: 16.6 g/d6 mo: 12.9 g/dSD not reported | 6 wk: n = 796 mo: n = 766 wk: 33.2% of EI6 mo: 35.6% of EI6 wk: 63.2 g/d6 mo: 68.5 g/d6 wk: 18.4 g/d6 mo: 19.7 g/dSD not reported | 6 wk: int: −7% EI vs. −1.1% in cont (P < 0.0001)6 mo: int: −6.7% vs. +1.3% in cont (P < 0.0001)6 wk: int: −23.1 g fat vs. −7.9 g in cont (P = 0.0107)6 mo: int: −34.6 g vs. −2.6 g in cont (P < 0.0001)6 wk: int.: −8.4 g sat fat vs. −2.4 g in cont (P = 0.0009).6 mo: int: −12.1 g vs. −0.8 g in cont (P < 0.0001) |
| Armitage and Conner (2001)(52) | Fat intake (% of EI/d)Fat intake (g/d)Saturated fat intake (g/d) | n = 27234.3 (6.432) % EI65.67 (29.19) g/d24.6 (0.69) g/d | n = 24435.1 (5.623) % EI64.47 (25.461) g/d24.53 (0.68) g/d | n = 27234.6 (6.596) % EI60.02 (25.893) g/d22.32 (0.6) g/d | n = 24435.58 (5.779) % EI64.34 (24.367) g/d24.10 (0.64) g/d | P (between groups) NRInt: +0.6% EI (P = 0.32) vs. +0.48% in cont (P = 0.17).Int: −5.65 g fat (P < 0.001) vs. −0.13% in cont (P = 0.91)Int: −2.28 g sat fat (P < 0.001) vs. −0.43 g in cont (P = 0.47) |
| Barratt et al. (1994) (56) | Fat intake (% of EI/d) | n = not reportedSelf-help: 37.3% EINutrition course: 37.5% EISD not reported | n = not reported36.8% EISD not reported | n = not reported.Self-help: 34.9% EINutrition course: 35% EISD not reported | n = not reported.34% EISD not reported | Self-help: −2.4% vs. −2% in cont (NS)Nutrition course: −2.5% vs. −2% in cont (NS) |
| Leedo et al. (2017) (24) | Fat intake (% of EI/d) | n = 5930.4 (4.9) % | n = 5930.4 (4.9) % | n = 5928.6 (4.7) % | n = 5930.4 (5.1) % | Int: −1.8% vs. 0% change in cont (P = 0.03) |
| Nonrandomized controlled trials: quasi-experimental | ||||||
| Lassen et al. (2014) (25) | EI (kcal/meal)Fat intake (% of EI/meal)Fruit and vegetable intake (g/100 g) | n = 270 (total)549.3 (500.4) kcal/meal40.4 (28.9) % EI31 (54.4) g/100 g | n = 270 (total)501.5 (400.3) kcal/meal43.1 (26.8) %EI24 (37.7) g/100 g | n = 270 (total)6 wk: 382.1 (300.2) kcal/meal6 mo: 477.6 (400.3) kcal/meal6 wk: 20.4 (30.1) %EI6 mo: 23.6 (28.5) % EI6 wk: 46 (79.6) g/100 g6 mo: 48 (79.6) g/100 g | n = 270 (total)6 wk: 501.5 (400.3) kcal/meal6 mo: 621 (600.7) kcal/meal6 wk: 36.4 (39.3) % EI6 mo: 48.4 (28.1) % EI6 wk: 28 (46.1) g/100 g6 mo: 29 (46.1) g/100 g | 6 wk: int: −167.2 kcal vs. −0 kcal in cont (P = 0.002)6 mo: int: −71.7 kcal vs. +119.5 kcal in cont (P = 0.001)6 wk: int: −20% EI vs. −6.7% in cont (P < 0.001)6 mo: int: −16.8% vs. +5.3% in cont (P < 0.001)6 wk: int: +15 g vs. +4 g in cont (P < 0.001)6 mo: int: +18 g vs. +5 g in cont (P < 0.001) |
| Nonrandomized controlled trials: cross-sectional comparison | ||||||
| Geaney et al. (2011) (31) | EI (kcal/d)Total fat (g/d)Saturated fat (g/d) | NR | NR | n = 501628.6 (406.3) kcal/dTotal fat: 60.5 (22.5) g/dSaturated fat: 20.7 (10.1) g/d | n = 501900 (450.8) kcal/dTotal fat: 83.9 (30.4) g/dSaturated fat: 31.9 (14) g/d | Int consumed 298.7 kcal less than cont (P = 0.001) Int: consumed 23.4 g less total fat per day than cont (P = 0.000).Int: consumed 11.2 g less saturated fat than cont (P = 0.000) |
| Nonrandomized controlled trials: mixed measures | ||||||
| Armitage (2015) (32) | Portions of fruit/d | Self-generated:n = 231.31 (0.33) portions/dVolitional help-sheet:n = 331.36 (0.39) portions/d | n = 231.3 (0.26) portions/d | Self-generated:n = 23 (ITT)1.38 (0.26) portions/dVolitional help-sheet:n = 33 (ITT)1.46 (0.27) portions/d | n = 23 (ITT)1.25 (0.19) portions/d | Self-generated: +0.07 portions vs. −0.05 portions in cont (P: NR)Volitional: +1 portion vs. −0.05 in cont (P = 0.001)Self-generated: +0.07 vs. +1 in volitional (P = 0.25) |
| Baseline measures (SD) and number (n) | Final/Follow up measures (SD) and number (n) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study (year) (reference) | Outcome measures | Effect size | ||||
| Nonrandomized controlled trials: pre- and post-test | ||||||
| Energy intake (kcal/d)(kcal/meal) | ||||||
| Milich et al. (1976) (41) | EI (kcal/meal) | n = 470507 kcal/meal | n = 4701 wk: 525 kcal/meal2 wk: 459 kcal/meal | 1 wk: +18 kcal (P > 0.05)2 wk: −48 kcal (P < 0.008) | ||
| Torquati et al. (2018) (34) | EI (kcal/d) | n = 471800 (858) kcal/d | 3 mo: n = 271842 (861) kcal/d6 mo: n = 121683 (569) kcal/d | 0–3 mo: +42 kcal, P = 0.453–6 mo: −159 kcal, P = 0.21 | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||
| Blake et al. (2013) (35) | % Eating >5 portions of fruits and vegetables/d | n = 145256.9%SD not reported | n = 113461%SD not reported | NS | ||
| Dawson et al. (2006) (37) | % Reported eating more fruit% Reported eating more vegetables | NR | Eating more fruit: n = 188, 29%Eating more vegetables: n = 175, 17% | N/A | ||
| Hasson et al. (2018), Polaket al. (2015) (38, 39) | Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables, milk products, grains, and protein-rich foods; scale of 1 (never) to 5 (always) | n = 1043.17 (0.17) | n = 1043.85 (0.15) | +0.68 from baseline P < 0.001 | ||
| Torquati et al. (2018) (34) | Fruit and vegetable intake (% of EI/d) | n = 4715.5 (8.2) % EI | 3 mo: n = 2719.6 (7.8) % EI6 mo: n = 1217.7 (9) % EI | 0–3 mo: +4.1% EI P = 0.453–6 mo: −1.9% EI P = 0.21 | ||
| Fat intake | ||||||
| Townsend et al. (2016) (50) | Fat in diet score (an overall score of above or equal to 2.5 indicates fat comprises >30% of EI) | Health centers: n = 64, 2.77 (0.35)Health systems: n = 31, 2.85 (0.45) | Health centers: n = 64, 2.56 (0.27)Health systems: n = 31, 2.64 (0.36) | Health centers: −0.21 from baseline. P not reported.Health systems: −0.21 from baseline. P not reported | ||
Cont, control; EI, energy intake; Int, intervention; ITT, intention to treat ; N/A, not available; NR, not reported; NS, not significant (P ≥ 0.05).