TABLE 4.
ITF effects on cardiovascular health in healthy adults1
| Ref. | Study design | Comparator | ITF type (trade name, manufacturer) | DP, range (mean) | ITF dosage, g/d | Intervention duration, wk | Washout duration, wk | N (nin ITF group) | Study population characteristics | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (21) | R, DB, PC, P | Saccharose | scFOS (Actilight, Eridania-Beghin Say) | 2–4 | 12.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 20 | Healthy adults age 22–39 y | ↑ Fecal cholesterol (trend)↔ Fecal bile acids, neutral sterols (coprostanol, epicoprostanol, cholestanol) |
| (26) | PC, CF, SB | Cereal (rice) | Inulin (Fibruline Instant, Cosucra) | 2–60 (10) | 9 | 4 | 4 | 12 | Healthy adult men, 23.3 ± 0.5 y, BMI 25.7 ± 1.2 | ↔ Fasting serum LDL-C, HDL-C, total/HDL-C ratio, fecal bile acids↓ Fasting serum TG, TCBif and total anaerobes ∼ TG (–)Bifidobacterium ∼ HDL-C (+), total/HDL-C (–)Total facultative anaerobes ∼ TC (–)Butyrate ∼ total and LDL-C (+) Propionate ∼ HDL-C (–)Litocholic acid and secondary bile acids ∼ TC and TG (+), total/HDL-C ratio (–) |
| (27) | R, DB, PC, CF | No ITF | Inulin (Beneo HP, DKSH/Orafti) | ≥23 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 21 | Adults with overweight/obesity, age 18–65 y, BMI 25–40 | ↔ Fasting TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, total/HDL-C, fasting or postprandial non-esterified fatty acids |
| (74) | R, DB, CF | Sucrose | Inulin (Raftiline ST, Beneo-Orafti) | 2–65 (10) | 18 | 6 | 6 | 21 | Adults with mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia (LDL 3.36–5.17), 60.4 y, BMI 27.99 | ↓ Fasting serum TC, LDL-C↔ Fasting serum TG, HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio |
| (94) | R, DB, PC, P | Maltodextrin | Inulin–oligofructose (Synergy 1, Beneo-Orafti) | Oligofructose: 2–8 (4)Inulin: 10–60 (24) | 10 | 24 | NA | 17 (9) | Healthy adults age 31.5 y | ↑ Plasma HDL-C (trending)↔ Plasma TG, hepatic lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, mononuclear cell mRNA↓ Plasma TC (trending), LDL-C/HDL-C (trending), LDL-C (trending) |
| (38) | R, DB, PC, CF | Maltodextrin + aspartame | scFOS (Actilight P950, Beghin Meiji) | 2–4 | 10.6 | 8 | 4 | 30 | Adults with mild hypercholesterolemia (TC 5.17–7.76 mmol/L, TG < 3.45 mmol/L), age 45.5 ± 9.9 y, BMI 26.6 ± 2.2 | ↑ Fasting plasma Lp(a)↔ Fasting plasma cholesterol, VLDL, LDL-C, HDL-C, apoA-I; fasting and postprandial plasma TG and free fatty acids |
| (88) | R, DB, PC, P | Maltodextrin | Inulin (Raftiline HP, Beneo-Orafti) | 5–60 (10) | 10 | 8 | NA | 54 (27) | Healthy middle-aged adults age 52.2 ± 9.5 y, BMI 26.4 ± 3.2 | ↓ Fasting plasma TG (higher baseline TG associated with greater decrease)↔ Fasting plasma TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoB, apoA-I |
| (45) | CF | No inulin | Inulin (Fibruline, Cosucra) | 2–50 (9) | 22–34 (25% of energy from CHO) | 9.14 | 4.9 | 8 | Healthy adults age 26–53 y, BMI 22.8 ± 4.4 (F) 25.8 ± 1.6 (M) | ↔ Fasting serum TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio |
| (89) | R, DB, PC, CF | Sucrose | scFOS (Actilight 950P) | 2–4 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 12 | Healthy adult men, 24 ± 1 y, BMI 21 ± 0.5 | ↔ Fasting serum TG, TC, HDL-C, apoA-I, apoB, Lp(a) |
| (78) | R, DB, PC, P, MC | Glucose | scFOS (Idolax, Orafti) | NA | 2 wk @ 1010 wk @ 20 | 12 | NA | 96 (50) | Adults with IBS age 45.1 ± 13.1 y | ↔ Serum lipids and lipoproteins |
| (79) | R, DB, PC, P | Maltodextrin | Oligofructose (Raftilose P95, Beneo-Orafti) | 2–7 | 21 | 12 | NA | 39 (21) | Adults with overweight/obesity, 40.4 y, BMI 30.1 | ↔ Serum lipids |
| (80) | R, DB, CF | No ITF | Inulin (Raftilin LS, Orafti) | 11–12 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 72 | Healthy women, 20–36 y, BMI 21.9 ± 2.6 | ↔ Fasting plasma TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C |
| (95) | R, DB, PC, CF | Refined wheat | Inulin (Raftiline HP-Gel, Orafti) | >23 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 22 | Healthy adult men age 18.8 ± 0.7 y, BMI 22.8 ± 2.3 | ↑ Fasting serum HDL-C↓ Fasting serum TG, total/HDL-C ratio, plasma Lp(a) |
| (57) | R, DB, DR, PC, P | Maltodextrin | scFOS (Fossence, Tata Chemicals Limited) | 3–5 | 0, 2.5, 5, 10 | 12.85 | NA | 80 (20) | Healthy adults age 23–44 y, BMI 24 ± 3.2 | ↔ Triglycerides |
| (90) | R, DB, PC, CF | Refined wheat | Inulin | NA | 15 | 4 | 4 | 10 | Adult men at higher risk of CVD, 39.9 ± 9 y, BMI 30.2 ± 3 | ↔ Fasting plasma TG, TC, HDL-C, non-esterified fatty acids↔ Blood pressure, arterial stiffness |
| (61) | R, DB, CF, LS | Basal diet | InulinscFOS | NA | 15 | 3 | 0 | 12 | Healthy adult men, 23 ± 3 y, BMI 23 | ↓ Fecal deoxycholic acid↔ Fasting serum TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoA-I, apoB, other fecal bile acids |
| (91) | R, DB, PC, CF | Cellulose | Inulin (Fibruline DS2, Georg Breuer GmbH) | NA | 30 | 1 | 1 | 16 | Healthy adults age 40.5 ± 4.2 y, BMI 23.1 ± 1.0 | ↑ Pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid↔ Fasting serum TG |
1
C, cholesterol; CF, crossover feeding; CHO, carbohydrate; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DR, dose ranging; DB, double-blinded; DP, degree of polymerization; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; ITF, iInulin-type fructans; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); LS, Latin square; MCF, multiple crossover feeding; NA, not applicable; OLS, orthogonal Latin square; P, parallel; PC, placebo-controlled; Pr, prospective; R, randomized; SB, single-blinded; SC, single-center; scFOS, short-chain fructooligosaccharides; SGD, single-group design; TB, triple blind; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.