TABLE 6.
ITF effects on inflammation and immunity in healthy adults1
| Ref. | Study design | Comparator | ITF type (trade name, manufacturer) | DP, range (mean) | ITF dosage, g/d | Intervention duration, wk | Washout duration, wk | N (nin ITF group) | Study population characteristics | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (30) | R, DB, PC, CF | Cellulose | Inulin (Inulin HP, Beneo-Orafti) | ≥23 | 20 | 6 | ≥3 (mean 6.3) | 12 | Nondiabetic adults with overweight/obesity, 60 ± 1 y, BMI 29.8 ± 0.9 | ↔ Fasting serum IgA, IgG, IgM, CRP, LBP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, T or B lymphocyte populations, T cell response |
| (32) | R, DB, PC, CF | Maltodextrin | Inulin–oligofructose (Synergy 1, Beneo-Orafti) | Oligofructose: 2–8 (4)Inulin: 10–60 (24) | 15 | 3 | 2 | 30 | Healthy adults age 28.1 ± 5.1 y, BMI 24.2 ± 3.0 | ↑ Fasting serum LPS, IL-4, GM-CSF, CD282+/TLR2 + mDC↔ Serum and fecal Ig (IgA, IgM, IgG), T or B lymphocyte populations, CRP, TNF-α↓ IL-10 |
| (42) | R, DB, PC, CF | Maltodextrin | scFOS | NA | 16 | 1.4 | 3 | 20 | Adults with IBS (diarrhea-predominant or mixed), 34.6 y, BMI 26.9 | ↔ Serum IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α |
| (47) | R, DB, PC, P | Maltodextrin | Inulin–oligofructose (Synergy 1, Beneo-Orafti) | Oligofructose: 2–8 (4)Inulin: 10–60 (24) | 8 | 4 | NA | 43 (22) | Healthy adults age 45–63 y, BMI 25.36 | ↔ Immune cell subsets, serum Ig (IgA, IgM, IgG), salivary IgA, neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis of E. coli, natural killer cell activity, T cell activation/proliferation, cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFNγ) |
| (115) | R, DB, PC, P | Maltodextrin | Oligofructose (Raftilose P95, Beneo-Orafti) | 2–7 | 21 | 12 | NA | 37 (20) | Adults with overweight/obesity, 40.4 y, BMI 30.1 | ↓ Fasting plasma PAI-1, LPS↔ Fasting plasma IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, adiponectin, resistin |
1
CD, cluster of differentiation; CF, crossover feeding; CRP, C-reactive protein; DR, dose ranging; DB, double-blinded; DP, degree of polymerization; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ITF, inulin-type fructans; MCF, multiple crossover feeding; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; mDC, myeloid dendritic cells; NA, not applicable; P, parallel; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PC, placebo-controlled; R, randomized; SB, single-blinded; SC, single-center; scFOS, short-chain fructooligosaccharides; SGD, single-group design; TLR, Toll-like receptor.