TABLE 7.
ITF effects on appetite and satiety in healthy adults1
| Ref. | Study design | Comparator | ITF type (trade name, manufacturer) | DP, range (mean) | ITF dosage, g/d | Intervention duration, wk | Washout duration, wk | N (nin ITF group) | Study population characteristics | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (27) | R, DB, PC, CF | No ITF | Inulin (Beneo HP, DKSH/Orafti) | ≥23 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 21 | Adults with overweight/obesity, 60 y, BMI 25–40 | ↔ Energy intake, composite appetite score, postprandial GLP-1, PYY |
| (119) | R, SB, PC, CF | Dextrin maltose | Oligofructose (Raftilose P95, Beneo-Orafti) | 2–7 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 10 | Healthy adults age 27.2 ± 1.6 y, BMI 22.3 ± 0.7 | ↑ Satiety @ breakfast and dinner (not at lunch)↓ Total energy intake; energy intake @ breakfast and dinner; hunger and prospective food consumption @ dinner |
| (85) | R, DB, PC, P | Dextrin maltose | Inulin–oligofructose (Synergy 1, Beneo-Orafti) | Oligofructose: 2–8 (4)Inulin: 10–60 (24) | 16 | 2 | NA | 10 (5) | Healthy adults age 21–38 y, BMI 21.6 ± 0.99 | ↑ Postprandial GLP-1, PYY↔ Satiety, fasting GLP-1 and PYY↓ Hunger |
| (30) | R, DB, PC, CF | Cellulose | Inulin (Inulin HP, Beneo-Orafti) | ≥23 | 20 | 6 | ≥3 (mean 6.3) | 12 | Nondiabetic adults with overweight/obesity, 60 ± 1 y, BMI 29.8 ± 0.9 | ↔ Fasting or postprandial GLP-1, PYY |
| (34) | R, SB, PC, CF | No ITF | Inulin (Inulin HP, Beneo-Orafti) | ≥23 | 22.4 | 1 | 1 | 13 | Healthy adults age 23 ± 4 y, BMI 22.1 ± 1.6 | ↔ Energy intake, macronutrient intake, hunger, fullness, prospective food consumption, desire to eat |
| (35) | R, SB, PC, P | Cellulose + Maltodextrin | Oligofructose (Beneo P95, Beneo-Orafti) | 2–7 | 30 | 6 | NA | 22 (12) | Adults with overweight/obesity, age 20–49 y, BMI 30.33 | ↓ Hunger↔ Energy intake, fullness |
| (79) | R, DB, PC, P | Maltodextrin | Oligofructose (Raftilose P95, Beneo-Orafti) | 2–7 | 21 | 12 | NA | 39 (21) | Adults with overweight/obesity, 40.4 y, BMI 30.1 | ↑ Postprandial PYY↓ Energy intake, postprandial ghrelin and leptin↔ Postprandial GLP-1, GIP |
| (81) | R, TB, PC, P | Maltodextrin | Oligofructose (Fructalose L92, Sensus) | 2–10 | 1 wk @ 8, 11 wk @ 16 | 12 | NA | 55 (29) | Adults with overweight/obesity, 41 ± 12 y, BMI 29.4 ± 2.6 | ↓ Hunger, prospective food consumption↔ Energy intake |
| (51) | R, DB, PC, P | Placebo | Inulin (4 g) + Oligofructose (12 g) | NA | 2 wk @ 8, 10 wk @ 16 | 12 | NA | 96 (26) | Adults with overweight/obesity, 39.8 y, BMI 31.5 | ↓ Hunger, desire to eat↔ Energy intake |
| (83) | R, DB, PC, CF | No ITF | Inulin (Raftiline HP-Gel, Orafti) | >23 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 20 | Healthy adult men, 18.8 ± 0.7 y, BMI 22.8 ± 2.3 | ↑ Neurotensin, somatostatin↓ Gastric emptying rate (∼ somatostatin [+])↔ Corticotropin releasing factor |
| (120) | R, DB, PC, P | No ITF | ITF (Frutafit IQ, Sensus) | 9–10 | 16 | 1 | NA | 36 (17) | Healthy adult women, 19.7 y | ↑ Fullness↓ Desire to eat, hunger, prospective food consumption, food intake at lunch |
| (121) | R, DB, DR, PC, CF | Maltodextrin | Oligofructose (Fructalose L92, Sensus) | 2–10 | 0, 10, 16 | 2 | 2 | 31 | Healthy adults age 28 ± 3 y, BMI 24.8 ± 0.3 | ↑ Postprandial GLP-1, PYY (16 g/d dose)↓ Energy intake (16 g/d dose) |
| (40) | SGD | Habitual diet | ITF-rich vegetables (artichoke, garlic, salsify, shallot, leeks, scorzonera, onion, celery root) | NA | approx.15 | 2 | 3* | 26 | Healthy adults age 21.84 ± 0.39 y, BMI 22.29 ± 0.32 | ↑ Satiety, desire to eat ITF-vegetables↓ Desire to eat sweet/salty/fatty food |
1
CF, crossover feeding; DR, dose ranging; DB, double-blinded; DP, degree of polymerization; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; ITF, inulin-type fructans; MCF, multiple crossover feeding; NA, not applicable; P, parallel; PC, placebo-controlled; PYY, peptide YY; R, randomized; SB, single-blinded; SC, single-center; scFOS, short-chain fructooligosaccharides; SGD, single group-design; ˜ indicates a correlation; the parentheses indicate a positive (+) or negative (−) association.