TABLE 1.
Meta-analysis of multivariable relative risks of the association between dairy product consumption and hypertension using random effects1
| High vs. low intake | Dose–response (1-serving/d increase) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy product | Risk estimates (n) | Participants (n) | Cases (n)2 | Pooled RR (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | Risk estimates (n) | Participants (n) | Cases (n)2 | Pooled RR (95% CI) | I 2 (%) | Quality of evidence3 |
| Total dairy | 23 | 414,148 | >136,025 | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) | 73.5 | 19 | 314,954 | >120,254 | 0.96 (0.94, 0.97) | 66.5 | Moderate |
| High-fat dairy | 11 | 103,307 | >25,232 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 84.2 | 7 | 35,767 | >10,091 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 11.8 | Low |
| Low-fat dairy | 11 | 103,307 | >25,232 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) | 58.9 | 7 | 38,012 | >11,075 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) | 57.6 | Low |
| Milk | 13 | 340,403 | >118,481 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.97) | 77.6 | 7 | 121,507 | 34,524 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 78.0 | Low |
| Cheese | 9 | 264,514 | >95,066 | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 41.8 | 6 | 50,502 | 12,702 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 54.0 | Very low |
| Yogurt | 10 | 263,473 | >102,792 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 65.6 | 8 | 232,435 | 94,100 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 84.7 | Low |
1
Pooled relative risks are from random-effects meta-analyses. I2 refers to the proportion of heterogeneity between studies.
2
Number of cases not available in Beydoun et al. (31), Engberink et al. (67), and Johansson et al. (70).
3
The quality of evidence was graded according to the NutriGrade scoring system.