TABLE 2.

Summarizing the effect of 3 nutrients on COVID-19 disease focusing on important outcomes including inflammation, ICU admission, oxygen requirement, and mortality¹

Exposure	Inflammatory markers	OR, 95% CI, P value	ICU admission	OR, 95% CI, P value	Oxygen requirement	OR, 95% CI, P value	Mortality	OR, 95% CI, P value
Vitamin D	FibrinogenD-dimerCRP (25)	P = 0.001P = 0.241 P = 0.507	Risk estimate for ICU (24) Admission to ICU (26)	OR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.2595% CI: –15.1%, 4.7%; P = 0.30	Need for mechanical ventilation (26)	95% CI: –15.1%, 1.2%; P = 0.09	14-day mortality (31) Reduced risk of COVID-19 mortality (37)In-hospital mortality (26)	HR: 0.07; P = 0.017 for group 1HR: 0.37; P = 0.28 for group 2ORadj: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.35 ; P < 0.001ORadj: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.84 ; P = 0.01895% CI: –4.1%, 9.2%; P = 0.43
DMB	—	—	Intensive care support (39)	OR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.93	Oxygen therapy (39)	OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.59	—	—
Vitamin C	IL-6 (23)↓D-dimer↓Ferritin (30)CRP (34)	95% CI:–301.72, –29.79; P = 0.04P = 0.022P = 0.006P = 0.0003	—	—	↑PaO2/FiO2 (23)↑PaO2/FiO2(34)IMVFD28 (23) ↓FiO2 (30)	95% CI: 33.17, 122.47;P = 0.01P = 0.0007HR: 4.8; 95% CI:–2.3, 11.9; P = 0.56P = 0.186	ICU mortality in HDIVC (23)	HR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.90; P = 0.03
Zinc	—	—	Needed ICU (22)	OR: 0.733;95% CI: 0.471,1.14; P = 0.168	↓Needed invasive ventilation (22)Need for mechanical ventilation (27)	OR: 0.804; 95% CI: 0.487, 1.33; P = 0.396P = 0.537	↓Mortality or transfer to hospice (22)Risk of in-hospital mortality (35)Mortality rates (27)	OR: 0.449; 95% CI: 0.271, 0.744; P = 0.002HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.07; P = 0.09 P = 0.986

¹COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; DMB, vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B-12; ICU, intensive care unit; IMVFD28, invasive mechanical ventilation free days in 28 days; HDIVC, high-dose intravenous vitamin C; PaO₂/FiO₂, partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen.