Table 1.
Summary of participants' characteristics of studies included.
| Study | Country | Study subdivision | N | Follow up | Dietary intervention | Age | BMI (kg/m2) | Population | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sutton et al. [9] | USA | 8 | 5 weeks | Early time-restricted feeding (eTRF); no calorie restriction | 56 ± 9 | 32.2 ± 4.4 | Overweight/obese with prediabetes | |
| 2 | Alphamdi et al. [11] | Saudi Arabia | 36 | 44 days | Ramadan; no calorie restriction | 49.50 ± 11.91 | 32.89 ± 5.47 | Overweight/obese with diabetes | |
| 3 | Harvie et al. [13] | UK | 53 | 6 months | Intermittent energy restriction (IER); 75% calorie restriction on two consecutive days each week | 40.1 ± 4.1 | 30.7 ± 5 | Non-diabetic obese/overweight | |
| 4 | Harvie et al. [12] | UK | B1 | 37 | 4 months | Intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction (IECR); (70% energy restriction and 40 g carbohydrate) | 45.6 ± 8.3 | 29.6 ± 4.1 | Non-diabetic obese/overweight |
| B2 | 38 | Intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction (IECR) + protein and fat (PF); (70% energy restriction and 40 g carbohydrate) + unlimited lean meat, fish, eggs, tofu, MUFA and PUFA on restricted days | 48.6 ± 7.3 | 31.0 ± 5.7 | Non-diabetic obese/overweight | ||||
| 5 | Arnason et al. [14] | Canada | 10 | 6 weeks | Intermittent fasting (IF) | 53.8 ± 9.11 | 36.9 ± 8.29 | Diabetes | |
| 6 | Corley et al. [16] | New Zealand | 19 | 12 weeks | Diet with non-consecutive fasting days (fasting 500 kcal for women, 600 kcal for men) | 58 (42–74)1 | 36.8 ± 5.2 | Obese with diabetes | |
| 7 | Carter et al. [15] | Australia | 70 | 12 months | Intermittent energy restriction (IER); 500–600 kcal for 2 days | 61 ± 9 | 35 ± 5.8 | Diabetes | |
| 8 | Hutchison et al. [17] | Australia | 15 | 7 days | 9-hour time-restricted feeding (TRF) | 55 ± 3 | 33.9 ± 0.8 | Overweight or obesity | |
| 9 | Keogh et al. [18] | Australia | 19 | 12 months | Intermittent energy restriction (IER); 1300 kcal for 1 week, normal diet for 1 week | 59.5 ± 8.7 | 33.8 ± 3.1 | Non-diabetic obese/overweight | |
| 10 | Klempel et al. [19] | USA | 1 | 28 | 10 weeks | Intermittent fasting calorie restriction-liquid diet (IFCR-L); 30% restricted calorie | 47 ± 2 | 35 ± 1 | Non-diabetic obese |
| 2 | 26 | Intermittent fasting calorie restriction-food based diet (IFCR-F); 30% restricted calorie | 48 ± 2 | 35 ± 1 | Non-diabetic obese |
∗ N represents number of participants recruited in the study; ∗B1 and B2 represent difference types of intermittent fasting dietary intervention included in the same study; ∗1 and 2 represent different types of dietary intervention included in the same study, the superscript number 1 represents age in median with a range from 42–74 years old.