Table 4.

Carbon emissions produced during on-site construction.

Working activities	Item	Construction machine	Energy	Energy consumption	Carbon emissions (t)
Foundation	Earth excavation	Crawler type mechanical single bucket excavator within 1.0 m³	Diesel	1,209.33 kg	4.44
	Stone excavation	Crawler type mechanical single bucket excavator within 1.0 m³	Diesel	766.86 kg	2.81
		Motorized air compressor within 9 m3/min	Electricity	1,433.42 kWh	1.66
	Impact drilling pile	Crawler type mechanical single bucket excavator within 1.0 m³	Diesel	114.23 kg	0.42
		Trucks within 10 t	Diesel	310.87 kg	1.14
		Truck crane within 16 t	Diesel	278.41 kg	1.02
		JK8 percussion drill	Electricity	10,157.69 kWh	13.10
		Mud separator	Electricity	74.55 kWh	0.10
		Mud mixer	Electricity	434.89 kWh	0.56
		Mud pump within Φ 100 mm	Electricity	1,275.30 kWh	1.65
		AC arc welder within 42 kV A	Electricity	331.52 kWh	0.43
	Manual digging pile	Single barrel slow winch within 50 kN	Electricity	15,087.19 kWh	19.46
Bridge substructure	Concrete	Concrete delivery pump within 60 m3/h	Electricity	18,372.52 kWh	23.70
		Truck crane within 25 t	Diesel	2,868.75 kg	10.53
	Steel	Truck crane within 25 t	Diesel	2,562.28 kg	9.40
		Automatic steel seam welder	Electricity	4,148.22 kWh	5.35
		AC arc welder within 32 kV A	Electricity	9,809.58 kWh	12.65
	Bearing	Truck crane within 20 t	Diesel	206.96 kg	0.21
		AC arc welder within 32 kV A	Electricity	178.36 kWh	0.23
Bridge superstructure	Concrete	Concrete delivery pump within 60 m3/h	Electricity	43,544.45 kWh	56.17
		Truck crane within 25 t	Diesel	40,285.13 kg	147.85
	Cast-in-place T-beam reinforcement	AC arc welder within 32 kV A	Electricity	44,693.70 kWh	57.66
		AC butt welder within 150 kV A	Electricity	20,485.11 kWh	26.43
	Centralized and standardized processing of rebar	CNC vertical rebar bending center	Electricity	711.17 kWh	0.92
		AC arc welder within 32 kV A	Electricity	44,693.70 kWh	57.66
		AC butt welder within 150 kV A	Electricity	20,485.11 kWh	26.43
	Prestressed concrete	Concrete delivery pump within 60 m3/h	Electricity	98,556.12 kWh	127.14
		Single-cylinder slow-motion winch within 30 kN	Electricity	2,681,021.27 kWh	3,458.52
		Single-cylinder slow-motion winch within 50 kN	Electricity	934,667.96 kWh	1,205.72
		Φ100 mm electric multistage water pump (≤120 m)	Electricity	204,479.87 kWh	263.78
		AC arc welder within 32 kV A	Electricity	51,668.13 kWh	66.65
	Steel strand	Prestressed steel tensile machine	Electricity	2,284.49 kWh	2.95
		Bellows rolling machine	Electricity	571.23 kWh	0.74
	Prestressed reinforcement	Prestressed stretching machine within 900 kN	Electricity	6980.95 kWh	9.01
		Bellows rolling machine	Electricity	621.10 kWh	0.80
		Single-cylinder slow-motion winch within 50 kN	Electricity	6,607.41 kWh	6.61
Other installation	Optical cable laying	Trucks within 10 t	Diesel	134.38 kg	0.49
		Engine-driven air compressor within 17 m3/min	Electricity	46.36 kWh	0.06
	Electric cable laying	Trucks within 10 t	Diesel	33.58 kg	0.12
		Truck crane within 5 t	Diesel	9.95 kg	0.04