Table 5.

Therapeutic properties of mulberry fruit.

Therapeutic properties	Intake type	Bioactive compounds	Health effects	References
Hypolipidemic	Mulberry freeze-dried powder	Fatty acids, dietary fiber, phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and vitamins	A significant decline in serum and liver triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a decrease in the atherogenic index, while the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased	[70]
	Mulberry water extract	Phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and vitamins	Significant reduction in the levels of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglyceride	[71]
	Mulberry freeze-dried powder	Anthocyanins	Significant reduction in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol	[72]
Anti-atherosclerotic	Mulberry water extract	Phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and vitamins	Significant decrease in severe atherosclerosis in the aorta by 42–63%	[71]
Anti-diabetic	Ethyl acetate-soluble extract	Phenolic compounds (25 different types)	Significant reduction in the glycosylated serum protein and fasting blood glucose and increase anti-oxidant enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice	[73]
	Mulberry fruit polysaccharides extract	Polysaccharides	Significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, fasting serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance, glycated serum protein, and triglycerides	[74]
	Mulberry anthocyanin extract	Anthocyanin	Significant improvement in the dysfunction in diabetic mice and mitigated insulin resistance in HepG2 cells via activation of PI3K/AKT pathways	[75]
	Ramulus mori polysaccharides extract	Ramulus mori polysacchguoarides	Blood glucose-lowering and metabolism-normalizing roles and also improvement in the function of the pancreas by inhibiting the inflammatory response and attenuating the oxidative stress in pancreas tissue	[76]
Anti-obesity	Mulberry water extracts	Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and anthocyanins	Regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis, which exerted the hypolipidemic and anti-obese effects	[77]
	Mulberry leaf extract and mulberry fruit extract	Cyanidin-3-glucoside, 1-deoxynojirimycin, rutin, and resveratrol	Potential anti-obesity effects through modulation of oxidative stress and obesity-induced inflammation in high fat diet-induced obesity	[78]
Anti-tumor	Mulberry anthocyanins rich extract	Anthocyanin	Targeting c-jun and p38/p53 pathways suppress tumorigenesis and cell survival but produce apoptotic death in AGS cells	[79]
Hepatoprotective	Extract	Anthocyanin	Potent protective effect on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats	[80]
	Mulberry anthocyanin extract	Anthocyanin	Occurrence of the hypolipidemic effects of mulberry anthocyanin extract via inhibition of lipid biosynthesis, phosphorylation of AMPK, and stimulation of lipolysis	[81]
Neuroprotective	Mulberry extract	Cyanidin-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside	Neuroprotective effects on the PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide in vitro and on cerebral ischemic damage in vivo	[82]
Protective against cytotoxicity and oxidative stress	Mulberry juice purification and mulberry marc purification	Total flavonols, total phenolic acids, and anthocyanins contents	Potent anti-oxidant and anti-fatigue properties	[83]