Steps linking mean limited clone size (LCS) to COVID-19 mortality and general mortality hazards ratios20 in the population. (a) displays data based on COVID-19 mortality () and non-COVID-19 mortality (), and corresponding exponential fitted relationships for hazards ratios20 ( and ). (b) displays the relationship of mean LCS in units of 106 cells with age, generated with Eq. 2, using the TL20 distribution of Figure 2a. (c) displays the relationships of hazards ratios20 generated from COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality plotted against mean LCS obtained from Figure 4b. The top of the panel also displays age. The divergence between the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 mortalities occurs at mean LCS of ∼ 0.13×106 T cells. At the corresponding age, 50 years, the population is about evenly divided into the LCS and MCS groups (Figure 3b). After this age, increased proportion of the population is in the LCS group, which is susceptible to COVID-19 mortality, whereas the MCS group is not.