TABLE 1.
Anthropometric, hematological, iron, and inflammation parameters in pregnancy in NW and OW women1
| P value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| End-first trimester2 | Mid-second trimester3 | Mid-third trimester3 | End-third trimester2 | Group | Time | Group*time | |
| Gestational age, wk | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 12.5 [12.0–13.5] (n = 40) | 19.8 [19.0–20.6] (n = 40) | 30.0 [29.4–30.2] (n = 39) | 36.1 [35.2–37.1] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 13.0 [12.0–13.8] (n = 37) | 20.0 [18.8–21.3] (n = 37) | 30.0 [29.0–31.0] (n = 36) | 36.1 [35.1–36.5] (n = 29) | |||
| Weight, kg | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| NW | 58.9 [52.7–64.1] (n = 37) | 61.0 [54.6–68.8] (n = 38) | 67.2 [60.1–75.1] (n = 38) | 71.2 [61.8–77.5] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 78.0 [72.5–93.8]*** (n = 37) | 80.3 [74.7–95.3] (n = 37) | 82.7 [77.9–96.7] (n = 36) | 85.9 [80.5–100.3] (n = 29) | |||
| Blood volume,4 mL | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.5910 | ||||
| NW | 4140 [3933–4512] (n = 40) | 4915 [4567–5242] (n = 38) | 6226 [5813–6751] (n = 38) | 6544 [6043–7002] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 4783 [4597–5429]*** (n = 37) | 5525 [5287–6263] (n = 37) | 6878 [6550–7635] (n = 36) | 7173 [6720–7749] (n = 29) | |||
| Plasma volume,4 mL | 0.0036 | <0.001 | 0.0535 | ||||
| NW | 2591 [2466–2783] (n = 27) | 3129 [2829–3362] (n = 28) | 3952 [3722–4373] (n = 34) | 3921 [3524–4426] (n = 30) | |||
| OW | 2895 [2714–3134]*** (n = 33) | 3393 [3216–3770] (n = 34) | 4296 [3977–4577] (n = 34) | 4278 [3793–4611] (n = 28) | |||
| RBC volume,4 mL | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.0274 | ||||
| NW | 1493 [1361–1586] (n = 27) | 1707 [1542–1857] (n = 28) | 2250 [2025–2399] (n = 34) | 2356 [2193–2525] (n = 30) | |||
| OW | 1913 [1721–2118]*** (n = 33) | 2106 [1945–2431] (n = 34) | 2657 [2468–2899] (n = 34) | 2969 [2634–3311] (n = 28) | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 0.0789 | <0.001 | 0.1996 | ||||
| NW | 12.2 [11.7–12.9] (n = 40) | 11.5 [10.8–12.1] (n = 40) | 11.7 [11.3–12.4] (n = 39) | 12.3 [11.8–12.8] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 12.3 [11.7–13.0] (n = 37) | 11.9 [11.4–12.5] (n = 37) | 12.1 [11.6–12.5] (n = 35) | 12.6 [12.1–13.2] (n = 29) | |||
| SF adjusted, µg/L | 0.5842 | <0.001 | 0.4222 | ||||
| NW | 27.7 [17.3–48.2] (n = 40) | 22.8 [13.2–31.6] (n = 40) | 15.0 [7.9–27.2] (n = 39) | 18.2 [10.8–25.4] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 30.6 [16.6–64.4] (n = 37) | 20.9 [12.5–45.5] (n = 37) | 10.3 [7.7–23.0] (n = 35) | 13.0 [8.8–22.5] (n = 29) | |||
| SF, µg/L | 0.7693 | <0.001 | 0.4939 | ||||
| NW | 41.2 [25.3–78.3] (n = 40) | 28.1 [17.4–48.6] (n = 40) | 20.4 [9.4–31.3] (n = 39) | 20.1 [13.1–30.4] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 49.6 [25.6–107.7] (n = 37) | 32.3 [17.7–72.0] (n = 37) | 15.7 [10.8–28.4] (n = 35) | 18.0 [11.9–30.6] (n = 29) | |||
| sTfR adjusted, g/L | 0.1932 | <0.001 | 0.3838 | ||||
| NW | 3.8 [3.2–4.2] (n = 40) | 3.7 [3.2–4.5] (n = 40) | 4.6 [3.8–5.6] (n = 39) | 4.9 [4.1–5.9] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 3.8 [3.3–4.5] (n = 37) | 4.2 [3.7–5.0] (n = 37) | 4.9 [4.1–5.7] (n = 35) | 5.0 [4.3–5.7] (n = 29) | |||
| sTfR, g/L | 0.2186 | <0.001 | 0.5322 | ||||
| NW | 3.9 [3.2–4.4] (n = 40) | 4.0 [3.3–4.6] (n = 40) | 4.6 [3.8–5.9] (n = 39) | 4.9 [4.1–5.9] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 4.0 [3.4–4.8] (n = 37) | 4.3 [3.8–5.0] (n = 37) | 5.0 [4.1–5.7] (n = 35) | 5.0 [4.4–5.7] (n = 29) | |||
| BIS adjusted, mg/kg BW | 0.3792 | <0.001 | 0.5443 | ||||
| NW | 5.7 [3.6–8.5] (n = 40) | 4.8 [3.4–6.6] (n = 40) | 2.2 [0.8–5.1] (n = 39) | 3.2 [1.3–5.0] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 5.8 [3.1–9.1] (n = 37) | 4.3 [1.0–7.5] (n = 37) | 1.6 [0.2–4.3] (n = 35) | 1.7 [0.3–4.2] (n = 29) | |||
| BIS, mg/kg BW | 0.9017 | <0.001 | 0.5909 | ||||
| NW | 7.0 [5.2–9.4] (n = 40) | 5.5 [4.3–7.2] (n = 40) | 3.7 [1.2–5.9] (n = 39) | 3.8 [2.3–5.3] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 8.0 [4.3–10.8] (n = 37) | 5.5 [2.7–9.1] (n = 37) | 2.5 [1.2–5.3] (n = 35) | 2.9 [1.6–5.3] (n = 29) | |||
| Anemia, % (n) | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 7.5 (3) | 27.5 (11) | 12.5 (5) | 2.5 (1) | |||
| OW | 2.7 (1) | 8.1 (3) | 8.1 (3) | 0 (0) | |||
| ID, % (n) | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 15.0 (6) | 27.5 (11) | 47.5 (19) | 35.0 (14) | |||
| OW | 18.9 (7) | 37.8 (14) | 62.2 (23) | 48.6 (18) | |||
| IDA, % (n) | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 0 (0) | 2.5 (1) | 2.5 (1) | 2.5 (1) | |||
| OW | 2.7 (1) | 0 (0) | 8.1 (3) | 0 (0) | |||
| Hepcidin, nM | 0.9462 | <0.001 | 0.4400 | ||||
| NW | 3.09 [1.06–5.33] (n = 40) | 1.25 [0.66–2.16] (n = 40) | 0.64 [0.35–0.89] (n = 39) | 0.91 [0.41–1.67] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 2.16 [0.61–5.10] (n = 37) | 1.54 [0.69–3.65] (n = 37) | 0.55 [0.32–1.22] (n = 35) | 1.16 [0.60–1.97] (n = 29) | |||
| IL-6, pg/mL | 0.0003 | <0.001 | 0.4354 | ||||
| NW | 1.41 [1.03–1.95] (n = 40) | 1.74 [1.10–2.43] (n = 40) | 1.90 [1.19–3.15] (n = 39) | 2.30 [1.39–3.17] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 2.37 [1.91–3.85]*** (n = 36) | 3.12 [1.96–4.42] (n = 37) | 2.54 [1.80–3.54] (n = 36) | 3.30 [2.60–6.06] (n = 29) | |||
| CRP, mg/L | 0.0003 | 0.0004 | 0.3883 | ||||
| NW | 4.41 [2.52–11.50] (n = 40) | 4.42 [2.58–7.91] (n = 40) | 4.04 [2.24–7.10] (n = 39) | 3.31 [1.82–7.55] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 8.82 [4.54–19.34]* (n = 37) | 12.31 [6.76–19.84] (n = 37) | 9.55 [3.37–14.38] (n = 36) | 10.36 [3.64–15.23] (n = 29) | |||
| AGP, g/L | 0.0872 | <0.001 | 0.9257 | ||||
| NW | 0.50 [0.40–0.70] (n = 40) | 0.42 [0.33–0.59] (n = 40) | 0.40 [0.29–0.48] (n = 39) | 0.37 [0.31–0.44] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 0.53 [0.45–0.68] (n = 37) | 0.47 [0.38–0.60] (n = 37) | 0.42 [0.35–0.53] (n = 36) | 0.41 [0.32–0.50] (n = 29) | |||
| RBP, µmol/L | 0.7679 | 0.6504 | 0.2890 | ||||
| NW | 1.5 [1.3–1.7] (n = 40) | 1.5 [1.3–1.7] (n = 40) | 1.5 [1.3–1.8] (n = 39) | 1.5 [1.4–1.9] (n = 34) | |||
| OW | 1.5 [1.2–2.0] (n = 37) | 1.7 [1.2–2.2] (n = 37) | 1.5 [1.1–2.2] (n = 36) | 1.6 [1.3–2.0] (n = 29) | |||
1
Values are median [IQR] unless otherwise indicated. SF, sTfR, and BIS are adjusted for inflammation (Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia). Definitions for anemia, ID, and IDA are given in the text. Baseline characteristics at end-first trimester between the 2 groups were compared by using independent-sample t tests for normally distributed data and independent-sample Mann–Whitney U test for nonnormally distributed data. Linear mixed-effect model analysis was performed over all 4 time points with group and time as fixed effects using post hoc Bonferroni correction. *,***Different between groups: *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. AGP, α-1-glycoprotein; BIS, body iron stores; BW, body weight; CRP, C-reactive protein; ID, iron deficiency; IDA, iron deficiency anemia; NA, not applicable; NW, normal-weight; OW, overweight/obese; RBP, retinol-binding protein; SF, serum ferritin; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor.
2
Variable daytime.
3
08:00 ± 1 h, fasting.
4
Parameters estimated using algorithms.