TABLE 3.
Anthropometric, hematological, iron, and inflammation parameters in umbilical vein blood and in infants over the first 6 mo postpartum born to NW and OW mothers1
| Infants’ age | P values | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cord blood | 3 d | 3 mo | 6 mo | Group | Time | Group*time | |
| (Gestational) age | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 39.4 [38.1–40.2] (n = 40) | 3 [2–3] (n = 29) | 3.8 [3.5–4.3] (n = 23) | 6.5 [6.1–7.0] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 38.6 [37.3–39.4] (n = 36) | 2 [1–3] (n = 31) | 3.7 [3.4–4.2] (n = 23) | 6.7 [6.5–7.5] (n = 27) | |||
| Sex, M/F | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 17/202 | 13/17 | 10/9 | 11/15 | |||
| OW | 16/163 | 14/15 | 9/10 | 12/12 | |||
| (Birth) weight, kg | 0.8427 | <0.001 | 0.1592 | ||||
| NW | 3.3 [2.9–3.6] (n = 38) | 3.0 [2.7–3.4]4 (n = 31) | 6.3 [5.8–6.9] (n = 21) | 7.7 [7.0–8.3] (n = 28) | |||
| OW | 3.2 [3.0–3.5] (n = 35) | 3.0 [2.7–3.3]4 (n = 32) | 6.5 [5.7–7.3] (n = 23) | 8.4 [7.6–9.1] (n = 28) | |||
| Exclusively breastfed, % (n) | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | NA | NA | 40 (10) | 35 (10) | |||
| OW | NA | NA | 30 (7) | 25 (6) | |||
| Partially breastfed, % (n) | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | NA | NA | 35 (8) | 35 (8) | |||
| OW | NA | NA | 30 (8) | 30 (7) | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 0.3753 | <0.001 | 0.6508 | ||||
| NW | 15.1 [14.6–16.0] (n = 27) | 17.1 [15.8–19.7] (n = 21) | 11.5 [10.6–12.2] (n = 22) | 11.1 [10.7–12.3] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 15.1 [13.3–16.8] (n = 27) | 18.0 [16.6–19.1] (n = 25) | 11.8 [11.0–12.4] (n = 23) | 11.9 [11.4–12.6] (n = 27) | |||
| SF, µg/L | 0.0952 | <0.001 | 0.4327 | ||||
| NW | 144.9 [122.2–168.9] (n = 30) | 193.3 [177.5–207.6] (n = 31) | 123.9 [78.6–160.9] (n = 23) | 73.2 [50.3–105.8] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 136.5 [110.3–164.2] (n = 24) | 194.6 [177.9–203.3] (n = 31) | 108.9 [75.6–161.9] (n = 23) | 50.6 [33.1–107.1] (n = 25) | |||
| sTfR, g/L | 0.0459 | <0.001 | 0.4680 | ||||
| NW | 6.5 [5.4–8.2] (n = 30) | 6.7 [5.3–8.1] (n = 31) | 5.4 [4.9–5.9] (n = 23) | 5.7 [4.9–6.6] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 6.5 [5.1–8.4] (n = 24) | 7.8 [5.6–10.1] (n = 31) | 5.7 [5.0–7.0] (n = 23) | 5.8 [5.3–6.5] (n = 25) | |||
| BIS, mg/kg BW | 0.0238 | <0.001 | 0.9399 | ||||
| NW | 9.7 [8.3–10.9] (n = 30) | 10.7 [10.2–11.4] (n = 31) | 9.4 [7.9–11.0] (n = 23) | 7.7 [6.3–8.8] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 9.6 [8.3–10.2] (n = 24) | 10.4 [9.1–10.8] (n = 31) | 9.3 [7.4–10.5] (n = 23) | 6.6 [4.6–9.2] (n = 25) | |||
| RBP, µmol/L | 0.7975 | <0.001 | 0.3350 | ||||
| NW | 0.85 [0.62–1.01] (n = 30) | 0.71 [0.60–0.89] (n = 31) | 0.87 [0.64–1.08] (n = 23) | 0.94 [0.77–1.10] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 0.67 [0.60–0.83] (n = 24) | 0.69 [0.60–0.83] (n = 31) | 0.88 [0.72–1.05] (n = 23) | 1.02 [0.83–1.20] (n = 25) | |||
| Hepcidin, nM | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 11.64 [8.97–15.59]* (n = 30) | NA | NA | NA | |||
| OW | 6.65 [4.55–11.44] (n = 27) | NA | NA | NA | |||
| IL-6, pg/mL | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| NW | 2.56 [1.64–5.36] (n = 30) | NA | NA | NA | |||
| OW | 2.53 [1.86–6.21] (n = 26) | NA | NA | NA | |||
| CRP, mg/L | 0.8764 | <0.001 | 0.4177 | ||||
| NW | 0.15 [0.05–0.31] (n = 30) | 1.27 [0.59–5.16] (n = 31) | 0.26 [0.12–0.43] (n = 23) | 0.24 [0.10–1.38] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 0.12 [0.07–0.42] (n = 24) | 0.90 [0.42–2.89] (n = 31) | 0.26 [0.15–0.57] (n = 23) | 0.28 [0.16–0.67] (n = 25) | |||
| AGP, g/L | 0.8038 | <0.001 | 0.6768 | ||||
| NW | 0.09 [0.06–0.19] (n = 30) | 0.22 [0.15–0.28] (n = 31) | 0.29 [0.25–0.48] (n = 23) | 0.42 [0.30–0.70] (n = 29) | |||
| OW | 0.09 [0.07–0.20] (n = 24) | 0.19 [0.15–0.30] (n = 31) | 0.35 [0.26–0.49] (n = 23) | 0.47 [0.41–0.76] (n = 25) | |||
Values are median [IQR] unless otherwise indicated. LMM includes infant samples from 3 d to 6 mo. LMM analyses on SF, sTfR, and BIS include AGP as a covariate. Iron status parameters are not adjusted for inflammation. The numbers of exclusively and partially breastfed infants were comparable between groups. *Different between groups (P = 0.030). AGP, α-1-glycoprotein; BIS, body iron stores; BIS, body iron stores; BW, body weight; CRP, C-reactive protein; LMM, linear mixed-effect model; NA, not applicable; NW, normal-weight; OW, overweight/obese; RBP, retinol-binding protein; SF, serum ferritin; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor.
Sex of 1 infant unknown.
Sex of 4 infants unknown.
If infant's weight at age 3 d was not recorded, we calculated infant's weight at 3 d = birth weight minus 6%.