Table 2.

Publication summaries.

Author/Pub Info	Aims	Sample - Setting, Time of data collection, and considerations	Results	Vaccine hesitancy or attitudes
Abohelwa, M. et al.27 Primary authors discipline: Medicine Article	To understand residents and fellows’ attitudes toward vaccination and record any side-effects after vaccination	81 residents and fellows South March 2021	77 (95.1%) accepted 3 (3.7%) refused Other findings: All 77 vaccinated reported pain at the injection site and headache in 49.4%	78 (96.3%) of the sample reported that they supported vaccination
Ciardi, F. et al.28 Primary authors discipline: Medicine Article	This study was conducted about attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers at a public hospital in New York City during the beginning of COVID-19 vaccination	428 hospital workers∗ ∗physicians (28.5%), nurses (21.96%) Northeast December 2020 to January 2021	274 (64%) accepted 38 (8.9%) intended 116 (27%) refused Statistically significant correlations Gender: Males < hesitant Age: Older (65+) < hesitant Race: Asian least hesitant, Black most hesitant Ethnicity: Hispanic > hesitancy Other significant associations: Role within hospital, use of PPE, and perceived personal risk	The most predictive factors were prior vaccine attitudes and concern with the speed of testing and approval of the vaccines
Famuyiro, T. B. et al.29 Primary authors discipline: Medicine Article	To assess the readiness for vaccine uptake among HCWs at three community-based, university-affiliated health centers	205 community-based workers∗ ∗physicians (40.5%), other clinical staff (44.4%) South December 2020	110 (54%) immediate intention 56 (27%) waiting 36 (18%) had no intention Statistically significant correlations: Gender: Males < hesitant Age: Older (65+) < hesitant Race: Asian least hesitant Black > hesitant than White Ethnicity: Hispanic > hesitant than White Other significant associations: moderate-risk perception < hesitance than those with low-risk perception	Most physicians (83%) and residents (81%) expressed more enthusiasm to receive the vaccine once it became available compared with other clinical staff (nurses, medical assistant, clinical technician, etc.; 31%)
Fontenot, H.B. et al.30 Primary authors discipline: Nursing Article	To assess the intentions of licensed nurses in the State of Hawaii to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine and identify factors that are associated with nurses’ intention to vaccinate	423 nurses West December 2020	221 (52%) intended 118 (27.9%) waiting 84 (19.9%) had no intention Statistically significant correlations: Age: Older (50+) < hesitant	The strongest predictors of any level of intention were greater positive attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination and lower concerns related to COVID-19 vaccine safety
Fossen, M. C. et al.38 Primary authors discipline: Nursing Letter	Examined vaccination rates of hospital workers by age, gender, department, and race to determine in which groups vaccine hesitancy was highest	3401 hospital workers South March 2021	2245 (71%) accepted 976 (29%) refused Statistically significant correlations: Age: Older (50+) < hesitant Race: Black > hesitancy than White Other significant associations: Working in a clinical department < hesitancy
Gadoth, A. et al.39 Primary authors discipline: Public Health Letter	To understand general vaccine acceptance and specific attitudes toward forthcoming coronavirus vaccines among HCWs in Los Angeles, California	540 healthcare workers∗ ∗prescribing clinicians 37.2%, registered nurses 38.3% West September to October 2020	179 (33%) immediate intention 354 (65.6%) waiting 7 (1.3%) had no intention Correlations (p values unknown): Age: Older (51+) < hesitant Race: Asian > hesitant than White Ethnicity: Hispanic > hesitant Other findings: Prescribing clinicians exhibited 20–30% less hesitant than other HCWs	46.9% of questioned the efficacy of vaccine Fast-tracking regulatory procedures and a lack of transparency were primary rationales for refusal or delay
Grumbach, K. et al.40 Primary authors discipline: Medicine Letter	Investigated COVID-19 vaccine intentions among racially and ethnically diverse samples of HCW and the general population	1803 healthcare workers∗ ∗physicians, APPs and registered nurses (76.7%) West November 2020 to January 2021	1507 (83.6%) intended Statistically significant correlations: Race: White was least hesitant Asian > hesitant Black > hesitant (most hesitant) Multiple/other > hesitant Ethnicity: Hispanic > hesitant	Black, Latinx, and Asian respondents reported less confidence in vaccine efficacy, less trust in companies making the vaccine, and more worry that government rushed the approval process
Halbrook, M. et al.31 Primary authors discipline: Public Health Article	The primary outcome of interest was COVID-19 vaccination intent and vaccine uptake among HCW	858 healthcare workers∗ ∗Advanced degree (59.8%) West September 2020 to February 2021	281 (32.8%) intended at survey 1 566 (68.8%) intended/accepted at survey 2 823 (96%) accepted at survey 3 Statistically significant correlations: Age: Older (50+) < hesitant Race∗: Black > hesitancy than White Asian > hesitant than Black and White ∗This relationship is seen with intention but not uptake Other significant associations: Educational attainment was associated with intention and uptake	Among HCWs refusing the vaccine reasons included not having enough information or belief that the vaccine could infect them with COVID-19
Kociolek, L. et al.41 Primary author's discipline: Medicine Letter	Assessing frequency of vaccine hesitancy, characteristics of those reporting vaccine hesitancy, specific concerns, and communication preferences among hospital workers	4448 hospital workers Midwest December 2020–January 2021	368 (8.6%) accepted 2559 (59.8%) intended 810 (18.9%) hesitant Statistically significant correlations: Gender: Males < hesitant Race: Black > hesitant than non-Black Ethnicity: Hispanic > hesitant Other significant associations: Hesitancy was associated with less concern about personal risk of severe COVID-19 and (three times) more prevalent in those with high-risk medical conditions.	Concerns reported were vaccine safety related to novelty and speed of the clinical development process
Kuter, B. J. et al.32 Primary author's discipline: Public Health Article	To understand attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines… to obtain a better understanding of how hospital employees, both in clinical and non-clinical positions, perceive the new COVID-19 vaccines and their intention to be vaccinated	12,034 hospital workers Northeast November to December 2020	7492 (63.7%) intended 4368 (36.3%) hesitant Statistically significant correlations: Gender: Males < hesitant Age: Older (65+) < hesitant Race: Black > hesitant than White Asian < hesitant Ethnicity: Hispanic > hesitant Other significant associations: Less hesitancy in those with up-to-date vaccinations, good-excellent self-reported health and no direct patient contact	Over 80% of vaccine hesitant reported concerns over side-effects and vaccines’ newness 78% of hesitant reported not knowing enough of about the vaccine 33% questioned efficacy and 25% were concerned about getting COVID-19 from the vaccine
Meyer, M. N. et al.42 Primary author's discipline: Bioethics Letter	To assess their intentions to [receive a COVID-19 vaccination], and understand reasons for hesitancy among HCW	16,292 healthcare workers Northeast December 2020	9015 (55.3%) intended 7277 (44.6%) hesitant Significant associations: Patient-facing employees were less hesitant than those who do not interact with patients	90.3% of vaccine hesitant reported concerns about unknown risks of the vaccines, 44.3% reported they wanted to wait until others’ vaccine experiences are known, and 21.1% reported that they do not trust the rushed FDA process.
Pacella-LaBarbara, M. et al.33 Primary author's discipline: Health psychology Article	To determine vaccine intent/uptake, perceived COVID-19 vulnerability, and factors associated with vaccine intent/uptake.	475 emergency department and EMS workers Mid-Atlantic January 2021	337 (79%) accepted or intended 98 (21%) had no intention Statistically significant correlations: Gender: Males < hesitant Other significant associations: Those with a history of COVID-19 infection had lower intention Those with an advanced degree had higher intention/uptake (zero physicians reported no intention)	Those with a higher perceived COVID-19 vulnerability had higher rates of intention or uptake
Pamplona, G. M. et al.43 Primary author's discipline: Unknown Letter	To report dialysis staff vaccination acceptance and hesitancy rates from four Renal Research Institute dialysis clinics and a home dialysis program located in New York, New York.	157 community-based healthcare workers Northeast January 2021	115 (73.2%) accepted 6 (3.8%) hesitant 36 (23%) waiting/unknown intent Other findings: Reasons for delay included: recent COVID-19 infection, leave of absence from work, and pregnancy or breastfeeding
Parente, D. J. et al.34 Primary author's discipline: Medicine Article	To evaluate HCW willingness to become vaccinated against COVID-19 and identified barriers/facilitators to vaccine uptake among all personnel at a large academic medical center in the Midwest	3347 healthcare workers Midwest August 2020	1241 (37%) intended 1764 (52%) waiting 331 (10%) had no intention Statistically significant correlations: Gender: Males < hesitant Race: Black > hesitant than White Other significant associations: Prior influenza vaccination, increased concern about COVID-19, and postgraduate education were associated with vaccine acceptance	Barriers to vaccination included concerns about long-term side-effects (57.1%), safety (n = 55.0%), efficacy (37.1%), and risk-to-benefit ratio (31.0%)
Schrading, W. A. et al.44 Primary author's discipline: Medicine Letter	To describe differences in vaccination rates among various types of ED HCP at US academic medical centers and reasons for declining vaccination	1321 Emergency Department hospital workers∗ ∗physicians/APP 49.4%, registered nurses 25.75% Multiple US regions January 2021	Results: 1136 (86%) received vaccine Correlations (p value unknown): Non-Hispanic Black HCWs had the lowest vaccine acceptance rate Other findings: Physicians and APPs had the lowest refusal rate (5.5% of 674), compared with nurses (22.3% of 345) and non-clinical HCWs (23.5% of 302) Vaccinated recipients planned to use the same amount of PPE at work as well as in public	The primary reason for declining a COVID-19 vaccine was concern about vaccine safety (45.4%)
Shaw, J. et al.35 Primary author's discipline: Medicine Letter	To provide a snapshot of vaccination attitudes in order to identify areas of concern that would impinge on COVID-19 vaccination program planning and implementation	5287 hospital workers North East November to December 2020	3032 (57.5%) intended 2245 (42.5%) hesitant Statistically significant correlations: Gender: Males < hesitant Age: Older (65+) < hesitant Race: Asian least hesitant Black > hesitant than White Other significant associations: 80.4% of physicians and scientists intended to get vaccinated, compared with 51.4% of allied health professionals and 41.2% of nurses More non–care providers indicated they would take the vaccine if offered	Vaccine safety, potential adverse events, efficacy, and speed of vaccine development dominated concerns listed by participants
Shekhar, R. et al.36 Primary author's discipline: Medicine Article	To assess the attitude of HCWs toward COVID-19 vaccination	3479 healthcare workers ∗professional or graduate degree 32.5%, Multiple regions October–November 2020	1247 (36%) intended 1953 (56%) waiting 279 (8%) had no intention Statistically Significant Correlations Gender: Males < hesitant Age: Older (60+) < hesitant Race: Asian least hesitant Black > hesitant than White Ethnicity: Hispanic > hesitant Other significant associations: HCWs working in rural areas had more hesitancy Direct medical care providers, those with professional or doctoral degrees and those with prior flu vaccination had higher intention	Safety (69%), effectiveness (69%), and speed of development/approval (74%) were noted as the most common concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccination in our survey
Unroe, K. T. et al.37 Primary author's discipline: Medicine Article	To plan for coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine distribution, the Indiana Department of Health surveyed nursing home and assisted living facility staff.	8243 long-term care staff Midwest November 2020	3704 (45%) intended 2001 (24%) waiting 2523 (31%) had no intention Statistically significant correlations: Gender: Males < hesitant Age: Older (60+) < hesitant Race: Black > hesitant Other significant associations: Clinical care staff, including nurse aides and nurses in clinical roles, were less likely than dietary, housekeeping, and administrative staff to report willingness to receive the vaccine Nurses providing direct clinical care were −5 percentage points less likely to indicate a willingness to take the vaccine than nurse aides or similar role	Concerns about side-effects was the primary reason for vaccine hesitancy (70%) other non-mutually exclusive reasons given were health concerns (34%), questioning the effectiveness (20%), and religious reasons (12%). In addition, 23% of respondents provided other reasons they would be unwilling to receive the vaccine such as concerns it is “too new,” a lack of trust, the need for more research, or it was too political

FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HCW, healthcare workers.