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. 2022 Jan 10;21(4):463–470. doi: 10.1038/s41563-021-01168-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, Plot showing pure solvent permeances versus their combined solvent properties (viscosity η, molar diameter d_m and solubility parameter δ_d) for CC3α-PAN, where R² is the coefficient of determination for the function. Hansen solubility parameter (δ) and the physical properties of each organic solvent are listed in Supplementary Table 2. b, Water permeance for CC3α-PAN-X h-0.8% membranes fabricated using reaction times that ranged between 4 and 96 hours. c, Dye rejection measurements for CC3α-PAN-X h-0.8% membranes in water. d,e, Water flux (d) and dye rejections (e) of a CC3α-PAN membrane under a range of applied pressures. f, Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of Congo red in water before (feed) and after (permeate and retentate) selectivity tests performed with CC3α-PAN. Insets show photographs of the feed, permeate and retentate solutions and the molecular structure of Congo red. Dye rejection was calculated using the intensity of the maximum absorption peak in the permeate and the feed, and equation (3) in the Methods. Mass balance calculations were performed using the maximum absorption peak values of the feed, permeate and retentate, with equation (4). All error bars depict the standard deviation (s.d.) of the data points obtained from at least three independent membranes.

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