Table 2.

COVID-19 Testing and Incidence According to Insurance Status, Adults Ages 18–64, 2020 (n = 11,800)

	Unadjusted‖				Adjusted¶
	n for analysis	Insured (%)	Uninsured (%)	p value	n for analysis	Percentage point difference	95% confidence interval		p value
Overall population
Tested*	11,746	32.8	26.2	<0.001	11,740	−6.6	−9.8	−3.4	<0.001
Test positivity†	3700	11.1	21.7	<0.001	3699	9.4	3.1	15.6	0.003
Clinician-reported diagnosis‡	11,755	4.6	6.0	0.10	11,748	1.1	−0.7	2.9	0.24
COVID-19 incidence by test§	11,800	3.5	5.4	0.010	11,793	1.7	−0.1	3.4	0.067
Asthma
Tested	999	40.0	26.9	0.058	999	−15.4	−27.0	−3.8	0.009
Test positivity	391	9.7	24.9	0.052	391	20.6	−0.3	41.5	0.053
Clinician-reported diagnosis	1000	6.1	8.8	0.42	1000	3.4	−3.9	10.7	0.36
COVID-19 incidence by test	1002	3.7	6.7	0.27	1002	3.3	−3.5	10.1	0.34
Hypertension
Tested	2977	33.3	33.2	0.97	2976	−1.0	−9.0	7.1	0.81
Test positivity	960	8.4	31.5	<0.001	960	21.6	8.0	35.1	0.002
Clinician-reported diagnosis	2981	4.0	10.5	0.002	2980	4.7	−0.2	9.6	0.059
COVID-19 incidence by test	2993	2.7	10.0	<0.001	2992	6.2	1.4	11.0	0.012
Diabetes
Tested	786	36.6	30.6	0.49	786	−5.0	−20.3	10.2	0.52
Test positivity	276	10.8	45.4	0.007	267	29.8	8.3	51.3	0.007
Clinician-reported diagnosis	788	4.7	13.9	0.064	759	8.1	−1.5	17.7	0.10
COVID-19 incidence by test	792	3.8	13.9	0.032	763	7.6	−1.1	16.4	0.088

^*“Tested” assessed with the question: “Have you ever been tested for coronavirus or COVID-19?” Those with “refused,” “not ascertained,” or “don’t know” answers were treated as missing and excluded from the analysis (n = 54)

^†Test positivity” was assessed only among those who indicated having been tested (n = 3803), with the question: “Did the test find that you had coronavirus or COVID-19?” Those with “did not receive results” or “don’t know” responses were treated as missing. Among those who reported testing, n = 103 had missing data on results

^‡“Clinician-reported diagnosis” was assessed with the question: “Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you had or likely had coronavirus or COVID-19?” Those with “refused,” “not ascertained,” or “don’t know” answers were treated as missing and excluded from the analysis (n = 45)

^§“COVID-19 Incidence by test” was assessed with the same question as used for “test positivity,” but the entire study population was used as the denominator, such that those not tested or with unknown testing status or results were treated as having a negative result. Hence, there was no missing data for the study population of n = 11,800

^‖p value from univariate logistic regression

^¶We used Stata’s margins command to calculate adjusted percentage point differences (and confidence intervals and p values) from our multivariable logistical regressions. All models adjusted for age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, and 55–64 years); gender (male, female); region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West); urban/rural county (large central metro, large fringe metro, medium and small metro, nonmetropolitan); self-reported health status (fair or poor vs. good or better); and family income ($0–$34,999, $35,000–$49,999, $50,000–$74,999, $75,000–$99,999, $100,000+). n = 7 with missing data on one or more covariates were excluded from analyses. Family income variable was singly imputed by the NHIS