Table 2.
Mean concentrations (µM) (± standard deviation) of rumen metabolites in samples
taken from steers offered grass silage (GS) or red clover silage (RC) diets.
| Metabolite | Red clover silage | Grass silage | 1FDRpvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| VFA | |||
| Acetate* | 52,120.8 ± 14,159.8 | 73,265.6 ± 16,616.7 | 0.000† |
| Butyrate* | 4421.5 ± 1469.9 | 7718.7 ± 3857.4 | 0.028† |
| Isobutyrate* | 803.5 ± 251.8 | 1119.4 ± 515.8 | 0.100 |
| Isovalerate* | 456.6 ± 135.7 | 612.3 ± 243.8 | 0.100 |
| Propionate* | 11,449.1 ± 3832.0 | 18,722.8 ± 5408.5 | 0.001† |
| Valerate* | 615.2 ± 235.6 | 1298.7 ± 694.1 | 0.009† |
| Methyl compounds | |||
| Dimethylamine | 2.02 ± 1.21 | 1.86 ± 1.7 | 0.795 |
| Methylamine* | 12.5 ± 13.3 | 15.6 ± 15.7 | 0.795 |
| Methanol* | 23.1 ± 5.5 | 25.3 ± 7.5 | 0.483 |
| Trimethylamine* | 1.91 ± 0.4 | 1.69 ± 0.5 | 0.136 |
| AA | |||
| 3-Phenylpropionate* | 169.3 ± 102.9 | 416.0 ± 120.4 | 0.000† |
| Alanine* | 60.9 ± 140.2 | 64.4 ± 95.4 | 0.805 |
| Alloisoleucine | 22.8 ± 17.8 | 20.9 ± 10.7 | 0.800 |
| Aspartate | 32.8 ± 20.8 | 34.1 ± 26.3 | 0.805 |
| Benzoate* | 22.1 ± 13.7 | 33.5 ± 13.4 | 0.061 |
| Betaine | 7.38 ± 13.2 | 6.71 ± 9.5 | 0.800 |
| Creatine | 6.51 ± 2.8 | 8.98 ± 7.5 | 0.278 |
| Creatinine | 6.49 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 2.4 | 0.805 |
| Glutamate* | 67.5 ± 35.7 | 72.5 ± 4 | 0.800 |
| Glycine* | 47.4 ± 62.1 | 194.2 ± 604.7 | 0.656 |
| Isoleucine* | 21.6 ± 15.0 | 21.7 ± 17.6 | 0.968 |
| Leucine* | 38.1 ± 20.7 | 45.1 ± 25.6 | 0.278 |
| Phenylacetate* | 185.9 ± 70.4 | 177.8 ± 105.2 | 0.849 |
| Valine* | 27.7 ± 35.6 | 24.9 ± 29.5 | 0.696 |
| Nucleotide metabolism | |||
| Uracil* | 8.75 ± 5.1 | 11.1 ± 5.1 | 0.120 |
| Xanthine | 7.78 ± 1.97 | 9.21 ± 2.2 | 0.101 |
| Carbohydrates | |||
| Glucose* | 74.3 ± 60.3 | 76.4 ± 54.8 | 0.932 |
| Maltose* | 14.9 ± 11.2 | 25.3 ± 27.3 | 0.344 |
| Fructose | 17.7 ± 12.5 | 27.1 ± 23.6 | 0.120 |
| Miscellaneous | |||
| 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone | 9.22 ± 5.6 | 8.3 ± 6.3 | 0.800 |
| 2-Hydroxyvalerate | 87.7 ± 32.6 | 223. ± 129.6 | 0.006† |
| 3-Hydroxyphenylacetate | 15.0 ± 8.0 | 19.7 ± 5.1 | 0.076 |
| Acetamide | 12.6 ± 5.3 | 18.7 ± 9.6 | 0.056 |
| Acetoacetate | 10.7 ± 7.5 | 13.3 ± 16.3 | 0.696 |
| Caffeine | 1.88 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 2.5 | 0.805 |
| Choline | 4.17 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 5.8 | 0.696 |
| Ethanol* | 123.4 ± 70.0 | 141.5 ± 83.5 | 0.656 |
| Formate | 96.2 ± 19.3 | 115.2 ± 32.3 | 0.138 |
| Fumarate | 1.89 ± 1.3 | 2.13 ± 1.1 | 0.795 |
| Lactate* | 99.1 ± 186.0 | 132.7 ± 315.9 | 0.656 |
| Malonate | 6.61 ± 8.1 | 6.23 ± 3.6 | 0.872 |
| Succinate* | 34.1 ± 18.8 | 36.2 ± 36.1 | 0.842 |