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. 2022 Mar 18;13:857736. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.857736

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Evaluation of long-term spatial reference memory using the Morris water maze (MWM). The escape latencies to find the hidden platform gradually decreased through the training sessions, indicating ongoing learning. Longer values of escape latency to find the hidden platform indicate an inadequate acquisition of spatial memory and navigation. Differences between the groups were observed on training days (TDs) 2 (p = 0.012, ANOVA), 3 (p = 0.013, ANOVA), and 4 (p < 0.001, ANOVA). The BVD_non-GVS group had longer escape latency than the control group on TDs 2 (p = 0.022, Bonferroni test), 3 (p = 0.032, Bonferroni test), and 4 (p < 0.001, Bonferroni test). The BVD_GVS group had shorter escape latency than the BVD_non-GVS group on TDs 2 (p = 0.037, Bonferroni test), 3 (p = 0.028, Bonferroni test), and 4 (p = 0.024, Bonferroni test) (A). Residual impairments in long-term spatial memory were also indicated by a lower percentage of time spent in the target quadrant (probe trial) on POD 14 in the BVD_non-GVS compared with both the control (p = 0.001, Bonferroni test) and BVD_GVS groups (p = 0.012, Bonferroni test) (p = 0.001, ANOVA) (B). The values are indicated as the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests. *Significant differences between two groups; #significant differences among three groups: *, #p < 0.05; **, ##p < 0.01; ***, ###p < 0.001.