Table 2.

Variables significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy/refusal in univariate analysis.

	OR [95% CI]	p-value OR	p-value overall
Age (ref: <60 years)	0.70 [0.53–0.93]	0.014	0.013
Country birth (ref: Canada):	3.21 [2.27–4.47]	<0.001	<0.001
Current living region (ref: Montreal):	0.42 [0.31–0.57]	<0.001	<0.001
Highest level of education:			<0.001
0 – < high school/High school	1.67 [1.08–2.52]	0.02
1 – College	1.85 [1.36–2.50]	<0.001
2 – Graduate studies/University	Ref.	Ref.
Annual household income before the pandemic:			<0.001
0 – >$100,000	Ref.	Ref.
1 – $50,000-$100,000	2.03 [1.41–2.95]	<0.001
2 – < $50,000	3.47 [2.34–5.17]	<0.001
Monthly household income changed because of the COVID-19 pandemic:			<0.001
0 – No change-Somewhat increased-Substantially increased	Ref.	Ref.
1 – Substantially decreased-Somewhat decreased	1.94 [1.41–2.63]	<0.001
Savings changed because of the COVID-19 pandemic:			<0.001
0 – No change-Somewhat increased-Substantially increased	Ref.	Ref.
1 – Substantially decreased-Somewhat decreased	2.13 [1.53–2.93]	<0.001
Impact of COVID-19 on the ability to meet financial obligations or essential needs:			<0.001
0 – No impact-Minor impact	Ref.	Ref.
1 – Moderate impact-Major impact	2.72 [1.84–3.94]	<0.001
Ethnicity: White	0.32 [0.22–0.48]	<0.001	<0.001
Ethnicity: Black	5.65 [1.91–14.9]	0.003	0.003
Ethnicity: Latin Hispanic	6.34 [2.76–13.8]	<0.001	<0.001
Retired	0.65 [0.48–0.88]	0.005	0.007

CI, Confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; ref, reference.