TABLE 2.

The metabolites of gut microbiota.

Metabolites	Uremic toxins	Sources	Main functions	References
LPS	LPS	Bacterial cell wall	Inflammation	Yoshida et al. (2020)
Ammonia	Ammonia	Protein fermentation	Alteration of pH	Vaziri et al. (2013b)
Urea	Urea	Protein fermentation	Disruption of intestinal tight junction.	Vaziri et al. (2013b)
Phenols	PCS	Tyrosine, phenylalanine	Enhance oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiac apoptosis	Vanholder et al. (2014)
Indoles	IS, IAA	Tryptophan	Promote VC, endothelial dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy and intestinal barrier injury	Aronov et al. (2011)
TMA	TMAO	Choline, phosphatidylcholine	Promote VC, thrombosis, platelet hyperreactivity and CVD	Liu et al. (2019)
AGEs	AGEs	Proteins and/or lipids	Induce cardiac dysfunction, vascular calcification and renal failure	Willemsen et al. (2012), Deluyker et al. (2017)
SCFAs	Butyrate	CHO fermentation	Maintain gut barrier, regulate cell growth and differentiation	Segain et al. (2000)