TABLE 1.

Overview of autophagy modulators in skin diseases.

Disease	Autophagy inducer/inhibitor	Experimental system	Outcome	References
Atopic dermatitis	Pentasodium tetracarboxymethyl palmitoyl dipeptide-12	Patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis	SCORAD score and skin hydration improvement	Kwon et al. (2019)
Psoriasis	HCQ	Monocyte-derived Langerhans cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells	Induction of the Th17 cytokines IL-23 and IL-6 production and release	Said et al. (2014)
SLE	Rapamycin	Lupus mice	Prolongation of the survival of mice	Ramos-Barron et al. (2007)
	Rapamycin	Patients with active SLE	Correction of pro-inflammatory T cell lineage	Lai et al. (2018)
	HCQ	Patients with stable SLE	Reduced clinical flare-up, reduction of anti-DNA autoantibodies and normalization of the complement activity	Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group (1991), Monzavi et al. (2018), Wakiya et al. (2020)
SCC	Saracatinib	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line	Supression of HNSCC growth and cell cycle progression	Ammer et al. (2009)
	Cetuximab	Advanced HNSCC patients	Statistically significant improvement in patients’ survival	Burtness et al. (2005), Vermorken et al. (2008)
Melanoma	HCQ	Patients with either advanced solid tumors or advanced melanoma	High rate of disease stabilization in patients with advanced cancer	Rangwala et al. (2014)
	Rapamycin
Staphylococcus aureus infection	Selenium	Mouse macrophages	Alleviation of the blockade of autophagic flow, reduction of the transcription of MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways, and inhibition of the proliferation of S. aureus	Zang et al. (2020)