Figure 3.

Carnegie stages in non-smoking and smoking pregnancies. Complete cohort (A) and IVF/ICSI group (B), with color coding reflecting non-smoking women and smoking women according to the number of cigarettes/per day. The green, blue and pink lines respectively represent the non-smokers, periconceptional smoking of 1–9 cigarettes/day and periconceptional smoking of ≥10 cigarettes/day. In the complete cohort, an embryo of a woman smoking ≥10 cigarettes/day will reach the final Carnegie stage with a delay of 0.9 day compared to non-smoking women. In the IVF/ICSI group, smoking of ≥10 cigarettes/day resulted in a 1.6 day delay in embryonic morphological development.