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Exogenous and endogenous factor‐induced ROS mediate COPD pathogenesis. Exogenous sources (i.e., air pollution, biomass smoke, and CS) and endogenous sources (i.e., mitochondria and NOX) are important inducers of COPD, which accelerate various ROS accumulation in the lung through multiple pathways including TGF‐β signaling, Fenton reaction and mitochondrial dysfunction, stimulating cell senescence and death, autophagy defects, inflammation and airway, and vascular remodeling
