Table 4.

The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and its components.

	Th1 cell-related immune responses
	Th17 cell-related immune responses
	B cell-related immune responses
Down-regulation	Antigen presenting cells
of the	Arachidonic acid-derived mediators
	Oxidative stress Expression of the chemokines and chemokines receptors
	Adhesion molecules
	Th2 cell-related immune responses
	Th9 cell-related immune responses
	Th22 cell-related immune responses
Modulation of the	Macrophage's responses
	Production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
	Toll-like receptor's-related signaling pathways
	Inflammasome-related responses
Up-regulate of the	Treg cell-related immune responses4