Table 2.
Final Demographic, Academic, and Stress Variables Entered in the Latent Class Analysis with Their Contribution to the Final 4-Class Model (n = 483)
| Variables | Total faculty n = 483 | Class 1 n = 181 | Class 2 n = 95 | Class 3 n = 125 | Class 4 n = 82 | ANOVA or chi square p-valuea | Wald statisticb G-K θ-bc p-valued |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||||||
| Age, yearse | 49 [40–60] | 40 [35–48] | 47 [43–51] | 60 [53–67] | 59 [43–66] | <0.0001 | ns |
| Genderf | 27.181 | ||||||
| Women | 291 (60.3) | 138 (76.2) | 62 (65.3) | 55 (44.0) | 36 (43.9) | <0.0001 | 0.084 |
| Men | 192 (39.7) | 43 (23.8) | 33 (34.7) | 70 (56.0) | 46 (56.1) | 5.4 × 10−6 | |
| Marital statusf | |||||||
| Single | 57 (11.9) | 29 (16.2) | 4 (4.2) | 9 (7.3) | 15 (18.3) | 0.020 | ns |
| Married or cohabitating | 383 (79.8) | 138 (77.1) | 81 (85.3) | 104 (83.9) | 60 (73.2) | ||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 40 (8.3) | 12 (6.7) | 10 (10.5) | 11 (8.9) | 7 (8.5) | ||
| Children ≤12f | 28.312 | ||||||
| Yes | 151 (31.3) | 83 (45.9) | 53 (55.8) | 6 (4.8) | 9 (11.0) | <0.0001 | 0.173 |
| No | 332 (68.7) | 98 (54.1) | 42 (44.2) | 119 (95.2) | 73 (89.0) | 3.1 × 10−6 | |
| Academic variables | |||||||
| Academic rankf | |||||||
| Lecturer/instructor | 39 (8.1) | 27 (14.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (14.6) | <0.0001 | 48.888 |
| Assistant professor | 159 (32.9) | 144 (79.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 14 (17.1) | 0.4684 | |
| Associate professor | 126 (26.1) | 0 (0.0) | 83 (87.4) | 19 (15.2) | 24 (29.3) | 2.2 × 10−6 | |
| Professor | 117 (24.2) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (12.6) | 105 (84.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Visiting/adjunct | 42 (8.7) | 10 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (39.0) | ||
| Degreef | |||||||
| Clinical degreeg | 138 (28.6) | 60 (33.1) | 32 (34.0) | 21 (16.8) | 25 (30.5) | <0.0001 | ns |
| Nonclinical degreeh | 323 (67.0) | 117 (64.6) | 59 (62.8) | 90 (72.0) | 57 (69.5) | ||
| Dual degreei | 21 (4.4) | 4 (2.2) | 3 (3.2) | 14 (11.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Tenure trackf | |||||||
| Tenured | 159 (32.9) | 1 (0.6) | 55 (57.9) | 103 (82.4) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 | 24.700 |
| On tenure track, not tenured | 48 (9.9) | 46 (25.4) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.408 | |
| Not on tenure track | 276 (57.1) | 134 (74.0) | 39 (41.0) | 21 (16.8) | 82 (100.0) | 3.9 × 10−4 | |
| Stress-related variables | |||||||
| Work-related stress | 35.353 | ||||||
| Highj | 356 (73.7) | 167 (92.3) | 94 (99.0) | 84 (67.2) | 11 (13.4) | <0.0001 | 0.366 |
| Low | 127 (26.3) | 14 (7.7) | 1 (1.0) | 41 (32.8) | 71 (86.6) | 1.0 × 10−7 | |
| Home-related stress | 35.671 | ||||||
| Highj | 289 (59.8) | 138 (76.2) | 90 (94.7) | 37 (29.6) | 24 (29.3) | <0.0001 | 0.257 |
| Low | 194 (40.2) | 43 (23.8) | 5 (5.3) | 88 (70.4) | 58 (70.7) | 8.8 × 10−8 | |
Class 1: high work stress, high home stress, more likely to be women, assistant professors, and not tenured, and more likely to have a child 12 years of age and younger; Class 2: high work stress, high home stress, more likely to be women, associate professors, and tenured, and more likely to have children 12 years of age and younger; Class 3: moderate work stress, low home stress, more likely to be men, professors, and tenured, and less likely to have a child 12 years of age and younger; Class 4: low work stress, low home stress, more likely to be men and adjunct or visiting professor, less likely to be tenured, and less likely to have a child 12 years of age and younger.
p-values <0.05 are shown in bold font.
Wald statistic values are provided to assess the statistical significance of each nominal parameter to the LCA model. A nonsignificant associated LCA p-value means that the variable does not discriminate between the clusters in a statistically significant way and can be excluded to keep the model parsimonious.
Goodman Kruskal tau-b coefficient (G-Kθ) is a more general coefficient of association between two nominal variables. The closer G-Kθ is to 1 the higher the association and the contribution of the respective indicator in discriminating between latent clusters of the final model.
Wald statistic-associated p-value.
Data shown as median [interquartile range] and compared by Kruskal Wallis ANOVA.
Data shown as n (%) and compared by chi square test.
Clinical degree: DDS, DMD, DO, MD, or PharmD.
Nonclinical degree: PhD, DrPH, EdD, or any master's degree or other degree.
Dual degree: Clinical degree plus a PhD or Masters.
High stress individuals answered as “much more stressful” or “more stressful” to two or more of the questions in the group.
LCA, latent class analysis.