Table 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Associations Between Modern Contraceptive Use and Service Characteristics, Demographic Characteristics, Fertility History and Intentions, Women's Empowerment, and Family Planning Awareness and Attitudes for Nonpregnant Married/In-Union Women, Kigoma Tanzania (n = 4,372)
| Model 1 (Facility characteristics) |
Model 2 (Demographic characteristics) |
Model 3 (Fertility history and intentions) |
Model 4 (Women's empowerment) |
Model 5 (FP awareness and attitudes) |
Model 6 (All combined) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Service characteristics | ||||||
| Method availability at facility, January 2017–January 2019 | ||||||
| Not available January 2017–January 2019 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Available, facility <2 km away | 1.69 (1.29–2.20) | 1.57 (1.18–2.10) | ||||
| Available, facility 2 km or more away | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | ||||
| At least four basic amenities availability, January 2017–January 2019 | ||||||
| Not available January 2017–January 2019 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Available, facility <2 km away | 1.47 (1.13–1.90) | 1.66 (1.24–2.20) | ||||
| Available, facility 2 km or more away | 1.99 (1.58–2.51) | 1.71 (1.33–2.20) | ||||
| At least two providers ever trained in FP (2019 only) | ||||||
| Not available January 2019 | 1.0 (referent) | |||||
| Available in 2019, facility <2 km away | 1.07 (0.83–1.39) | |||||
| Available in 2019, facility 2 km or more away | 0.70 (0.53–0.93) | |||||
| Intercept | 0.17 (0.15–0.21) | |||||
| Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.03 | |||||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Current marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Living with a man | 1.21 (1.02–1.43) | 1.23 (1.01–1.48) | ||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 15–19 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| 20–29 | 1.51 (1.05–2.16) | 1.04 (0.69–1.59) | ||||
| 30–39 | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) | 0.80 (0.49–1.29) | ||||
| 40–49 | 0.38 (0.24–0.57) | 0.38 (0.20–0.66) | ||||
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Did not attend school | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Some primary school | 1.19 (0.90–1.59) | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | ||||
| Primary school | 1.36 (1.10–1.69) | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | ||||
| Some secondary school or higher | 1.87 (1.28–2.73) | 1.48 (0.94–2.32) | ||||
| Intercept | 0.18 (0.12–0.27) | |||||
| Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.08 | |||||
| Fertility history and fertility intentions | ||||||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0–2 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| 3–4 | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | 1.31 (1.00–1.72) | ||||
| 5–7 | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 1.15 (0.84–1.59) | ||||
| 8 or more | 0.50 (0.37–0.69) | 1.21 (0.79–1.86) | ||||
| Intendedness of most recent birth (since 2016) | ||||||
| Intended birth | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Unintended birth (or not sure if intended) | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | ||||
| No births since 2016 | 0.40 (0.32–0.49) | 0.50 (0.39–0.65) | ||||
| Fertility intentions | ||||||
| Wants birth in next 2 years or can't conceive | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Wants to avoid birth for at least 2 years | 4.43 (2.89–6.80) | 4.00 (2.53–6.32) | ||||
| Believes it is up to God or fate | 2.51 (1.57–4.02) | 2.75 (1.66–4.53) | ||||
| Intercept | 0.11 (0.70–0.17) | |||||
| Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.12 | |||||
| Women's empowerment and agency | ||||||
| Economic empowerment | ||||||
| No to all 5 empowerment items | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Yes to 1 item | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 1.13 (0.90–1.43) | ||||
| Yes to 2–3 items | 1.29 (1.03–1.60) | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | ||||
| Yes to 4–5 items | 1.50 (0.90–2.51) | 1.51 (0.81–2.81) | ||||
| Intercept | 0.25 (0.23–0.28) | |||||
| Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.00 | |||||
| FP awareness and attitudes | ||||||
| Number of FP methods heard about | ||||||
| 0–5 | 1.0 (referent) | |||||
| 6–7 | 1.10 (0.85–1.43) | |||||
| 8–9 | 1.04 (0.82–1.34) | |||||
| Number of channels from which heard about FP | ||||||
| Not heard about FP | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| 1 channel | 1.55 (1.22–1.97) | 1.18 (0.92–1.52) | ||||
| 2 channels | 1.73 (1.34–2.26) | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | ||||
| 3–10 channels | 2.19 (1.66–2.88) | 1.28 (0.95–1.72) | ||||
| Acceptability of channels for FP information | ||||||
| Not acceptable to hear on 0–5 channels | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Acceptable, all 6 channels | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | ||||
| Perceived effectiveness, modern methods | ||||||
| Does not perceive any methods as effective | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Perceive at least one method as effective or very effective | 3.48 (2.54–4.78) | 3.59 (2.63–4.90) | ||||
| Perceived safety, modern methods | ||||||
| Does not perceive any methods as safe | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Perceive at least one method as safe for very safe | 2.44 (1.90–3.16) | 2.48 (1.92–3.20) | ||||
| Attitude—FP good for family welfare | ||||||
| Disagree or don't know | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | ||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 4.38 (2.57–7.46) | 3.65 (2.18–6.11) | ||||
| Attitude—has negative effect on fertility | ||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1.0 (referent) | |||||
| Disagree or don't know | 1.05 (0.86–1.30) | |||||
| Attitude—couples should make joint decision about FP | ||||||
| Disagree or don't know | 1.0 (referent) | |||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 0.69 (0.48–1.02) | |||||
| Attitude—should only have as many children as can afford | ||||||
| Disagree or don't know | 1.0 (referent) | |||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) | |||||
| Attitude—should have many children, because some will die | ||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1.0 (referent) | |||||
| Disagree or don't know | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) | |||||
| Intercept | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.003 (0.001–0.006) | ||||
| Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.21 | 0.31 | ||||
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.