Table 3. Risk Estimates and Differences for Neonatal and Perinatal Outcomes for Glyburide and Insulin Treatment Without Accounting for Changes in Medication Therapy After Initial Medication Therapy (Intention-to-Treat Analyses).
| Outcome | Risk (SE) per 100 births | Risk difference (95% CI) per 100 births | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glyburide | Insulin | ||
| Neonatal outcomes | |||
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | |||
| Crude | 6.06 (0.2) | 5.97 (0.7) | 0.09 (−1.40 to 1.58) |
| Adjusteda | 6.14 (0.2) | 5.59 (0.7) | 0.55 (−0.98 to 2.07) |
| Jaundice | |||
| Crude | 2.05 (0.1) | 1.21 (0.3) | 0.84 (0.13 to 1.55) |
| Adjusteda | 2.07 (0.1) | 1.35 (0.4) | 0.73 (−0.10 to 1.56) |
| Shoulder dystocia | |||
| Crude | 2.57 (0.2) | 3.54 (0.6) | −0.98 (−2.13 to 0.17) |
| Adjusteda | 2.59 (0.2) | 3.32 (0.6) | −0.73 (−1.92 to 0.46) |
| Respiratory distress | |||
| Crude | 2.81 (0.2) | 4.29 (0.6) | −1.48 (−2.74 to −0.23) |
| Adjusteda | 2.86 (0.2) | 4.04 (0.6) | −1.18 (−2.46 to 0.10) |
| NICU admission | |||
| Crude | 10.03 (0.3) | 13.51 (1.1) | −3.48 (−5.63 to −1.32) |
| Adjusteda | 10.22 (0.3) | 11.76 (1.0) | −1.54 (−3.66 to 0.57) |
| Size for gestational age | |||
| Small-for–gestational age | |||
| Crude | 7.34 (0.3) | 8.49 (0.9) | −1.15 (−2.89 to 0.59) |
| Adjusteda | 7.26 (0.3) | 9.14 (1.0) | −1.87 (−3.87 to 0.13) |
| Appropriate-for–gestational age | |||
| Crude | 74.93 (0.4) | 70.15 (1.4) | 4.78 (1.92 to 7.65) |
| Adjusteda | 74.64 (0.4) | 72.14 (1.5) | 2.50 (−0.49 to 5.49) |
| Large-for–gestational age | |||
| Crude | 17.73 (0.4) | 21.36 (1.3) | −3.63 (−6.20 to −1.07) |
| Adjusteda | 18.10 (0.4) | 18.73 (1.2) | −0.63 (−3.17 to 1.91) |
| Maternal outcomes | |||
| Cesarean delivery | |||
| Crude | 39.66 (0.5) | 44.68 (1.5) | −5.02 (−8.14 to −1.90) |
| Adjusteda | 39.91 (0.5) | 43.66 (1.6) | −3.75 (−7.09 to −0.41) |
Abbreviation: NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
a
Adjusted for index year, maternal age at index, prepregnancy body mass index, parity, race and ethnicity, gestational age at index, gestational age at gestational diabetes diagnosis, gestational diabetes duration at index, baseline rate of weight gain, glucose challenge test, depression, alcohol during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, illegal drug during pregnancy, median household income, baseline diastolic blood pressure, baseline systolic blood pressure, preexisting hypertension, baseline gestational hypertension, baseline preeclampsia, baseline hypertension medications, baseline hypoglycemia, and baseline met glycemic control (eTable 1 in the Supplement).