Table 3.

Empiric endoscopic procedural bleeding risk stratification

High bleeding risk procedures (30-d risk of major bleed >2%)	Low/moderate bleeding risk procedures (30-d risk of major bleed ≤2%)
Polypectomy (≥1 cm)	EGD with/without biopsy
PEG/PEJ placement	Colonoscopy with/without biopsy
ERCP with biliary or pancreatic sphincterotomy	Flexible sigmoidoscopy with/without biopsy
EMR/ESD	ERCP with stent (biliary or pancreatic) placement or papillary balloon dilation without sphincterotomy
EUS-FNA	EUS without FNA
Endoscopic hemostasis (excluding APC)	Push enteroscopy and diagnostic balloon-assisted enteroscopy
Radiofrequency ablation	Enteral stent deployment
POEM	Argon plasma coagulation
Treatment of varices (including variceal band ligation)	Balloon dilation of luminal stenoses
Therapeutic balloon-assisted enteroscopy	Polypectomy (<1 cm)
Tumor ablation	ERCP without biliary or pancreatic sphincterotomy
Cystogastrostomy	Marking (including clipping, electrocoagulation, and tattooing)
Ampullary resection	Video capsule endoscopy
Pneumatic or bougie dilation
Laser ablation and coagulation

The sources used for the empiric classification of procedures included the International Society on Thrombosis andHaemostasis Guidance Statement, the BRIDGE trial, previously published guidelines, and expert opinion by the authors.

APC, argon plasma coagulation; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; FNA, fine-needle aspirate; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; PEJ, percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy; POEM, peroral endoscopic myotomy.