Human olfactory ensheathing cell (hOEC)- EV characterization. (A) Immunocytochemistry for specific OEC markers (S100β, Vimentin, p75NTR) in primary cultured hOECs at passage 1. Scale bars: 100 µm. (B) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of isolated hOEC-EVs (scale bar, 500 nm.) (C) Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis results demonstrating the particle size distribution of the isolated hOEC-EVs. (D) Western blot results indicating the expression of EV surface markers (CD9, CD63, CD81, and TSG101) on hOEC-EVs. (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article).