Comparison of the catalytic activity of various biomass derived-carbon catalysts in esterification reactiona.
| Catalyst | Support source | Feedstock | Experimental reaction parameters | FAME yield (%) | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C (wt%) | t (h) | T (°C) | M | |||||
| TsOH/biochar | Corncob | Oleic acid | 69.0 | 8.0 | 60 | 15 : 1 | >80 | 2 |
| H2SO4/biochar | Corncob | Oleic acid | 69.0 | 8.0 | 60 | >80 | 2 | |
| SCAC | Coffee residue | Caprylic acid | 5.0 | 4.0 | 60 | 3 : 1 | 71.5 | 1 |
| H2SO4/rice husk char | Rice husk | Oleic acid | 5.0 | 2.0 | 110 | 4 : 1 | 98.7 | 18 |
| H2SO4/Magnetic biochar | Palm empty fruit bunches | Oleic acid | 5.0 | 1.5 | 150 | 8 : 1 | 97.6 | 51 |
| H2SO4/Coconut shell biochar | Coconut shell | Palm fatty acid distillate | 7.0 | 4.0 | 60 | 12 : 1 | 82.9 | 52 |
| H2SO4/biochar | Murumuru kernel shell | Oleic acid | 5.0 | 1.5 | 90 | 10 : 1 | 97.2 | 53 |
| p-TSA3/ABC | ETSB | Oleic acid | 4.0 | 2 | 65 | 10 : 1 | 97.05 ± 0.28 | This study |
a
C = catalyst loading, t = time, T = temperature, M = methanol/OA molar ratio, SCAC = sulfonated activated carbon catalyst, TsOH = p-toluenesulfonic acid.