Table.

Quantitative Performance Measurements of the U-Net and Threshold Methods versus the Radiologist Lipiodol Segmentation Ground Truth

Mode evaluation metrics	Threshold compared with the ground truth	U-net compared with the ground truth	Two-tailed t test between threshold and U-net
MSE	185.98 ± 93.82	125.53 ± 107.36	P = .0046
CM* (mm)	31.34 ± 30.24	15.31 ± 14.63	P = .000012
Fractional volume ratios†	2.58 ± 3.52	1.22 ± 0.84	P = .048
DSC	0.45 ± 0.22	0.65 ± 0.17	P = .000025

Note–The results are averaged over all patients. Note the improved performance of the U-net over the threshold method in predicting Lipiodol deposition on conventional transarterial chemoembolization. Score evaluation: MSE and CM: lower score indicates higher accuracy. Fractional volume ratios and DSC: closer to 1 indicates higher accuracy.

CM = center of mass; DSC = dice similarity coefficient; MSE = mean squared error.

^*CM values represent the distance from the Lipiodol’s center of mass.

^†Fractional volume represents the fraction of total volume predicted over the ground truth. ie, Fractional volume = (predicted volume of Lipiodol)/(ground truth volume of Lipiodol).