Table 1.
Characteristics of patients according to the presentation at the onset of diabetes.
| Characteristic | With DKA | Without DKA | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Year of diagnosis (n, %)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 |
7 (21.88%) 11 (32.35%) 6 (25%) 8 (27.59%) 11 (33.33%) 8 (36.36%) |
25 (78.12%) 23 (67.65%) 18 (75%) 21 (72.41%) 22 (66.67%) 14 (63.64%) |
0.842 |
|
Season of diagnosis (n, %)
Spring Summer Autumn Winter |
9 (22.5%) 11 (29.75%) 18 (25.25%) 13 (28.26%) |
25 (78.12%) 23 (67.65%) 33 (64.75%) 33 (71.74%) |
0.614 |
| Age at onset (years) (mean ± SD) | 8.86 ± 4.73 | 10.15 ± 4.18 | 0.077 |
|
Age group (n, %)
0-4 years old 5-9 years old 10-14 years old 15-17 years old |
13 (56.52%) 9 (18.75%) 21 (30%) 8 (24.24%) |
10 (43.48%) 39 (81.25%) 49 (70%) 25 (75.76%) |
0.01 |
| Glucose concentration (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 491.18 ± 152.97 | 406.82 ± 152.98 | 0.001 |
| HbA 1 c % (mmol/mol) (mean ± SD) | 12.55 ± 1.93 (114 ± 21.2) |
11.48 ± 2.40 (102 ± 26.5) |
0.005 |
| c-peptide (ng/ml) (mean ± SD) | 0.29 ± 0.25 | 0.54 ± 0.48 | 0.001 |
|
First-degree relative with T1DM (n, %)
No Yes |
49 (30.82%) 2 (13.34%) |
110 (69.18%) 13 (86.66%) |
0.115 |
|
Presence of infection (before diagnosis) (n, %)
No Yes |
36 (26.09%) 15 (41.67%) |
102 (73.91%) 21 (58.33) |
0.067 |
|
Caucasian Italians (n. %)
No Yes |
10 (50%) 41 (26.62%) |
10 (50%) 113 (73.38%) |
0.031 |
|
First hospitalization in specialist center at the onset (n, %)
No Yes |
27 (47.37%) 24 (20.51%) |
30 (52.63%) 93 (79.49%) |
0.000 |
| Specific symptoms duration (days) (mean ± SD) | 15.73 ± 16.60 | 16.39 ± 19.62 | 0.832 |
|
Province of residence (n, %)
Aquila Chieti Pescara Teramo |
15 (44.12%) 12 (21.43%) 11 (22.92%) 13 (36.12%) |
19 (55.88%) 44 (78.57%) 37 (77.08%) 23 (63.88%) |
0.071 |
| Distance from the patient’s residence to the regional reference center (Km) (mean ± SD) | 63.53 ± 33.99 | 49.19 ± 32.88 | 0.010 |
|
Number of inhabitants (n, %)
<10000 10-50000 50-250000 |
23 (35.94%) 19 (32.02%) 9 (17.65%) |
41 (46.06%) 40 (67.98%) 42 (82.35%) |
0.084 |
|
Degree of urbanization (n, %)
Densely populated Intermediate density Rural |
1 (5.88%) 28 (31.46%) 22 (32.35%) |
16 (94.12%) 61 (68.54%) 46 (67.56%) |
0.082 |
| Pediatricians/1000 residents/province (mean ± SD) | 0.85 ± 0.68 | 0.88 ± 0.66 | 0.009 |