Table 2.

Showing details of IE and management in patients with COVID 19 and IE

Number	Report	IE diagnosis	Clinical features	Culture	ECHO	COVID 19 treatment	IE treatment	Morbidity	Outcome
1	Schizas et al	TTE	Acute pulmonary edema	Staphylococcus lugdunensis	Severe AR Right and non- coronary cusp vegetation	NA	NA	Mechanical ventilation Acute pulmonary edema Mechanical aortic valve placement	Discharged after 4 weeks
2	Regazzoni et al	TEE MRI Brain	Hyperpyrexia Confusion Elevated CRP, Procalcitonin, IL-6, fibrinogen, D- dimer Severe thrombocytopenia MRI brain: Multiple ischemic areas with hemorrhagic transformation	Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcos sureus	Severe AR Large AV vegetation	High flow Oxygen Corticosteroid Hydroxychloroquine	Antibiotics	Embolic infarcts Delayed cardiac surgery	NA
3	Amir et al	TTE	Apical pan systolic murmur Right upper sternal border diastolic murmur Osler nodes Splinter hemorrhages	Negative	Severe MR Flail mitral leaflet with vegetation Moderate AR	Oxygen supplementation Oseltamivir Azithromycin Moxifloxacin Ramipril N-Acetylcysteine Ascorbic acid	No prophylactic antibiotics for IE	Acute decompensated heart failure Acute liver failure Acute kidney injury Surgical treatment withheld	Discharged on day 10
4	Hussain et al	TEE	C5-C6 discitis	Enterococcus faecalis	Multiple AV vegetation and Aortic root abscess, multiple TV vegetation	NA	IV antibiotics	Delayed cardiac surgery Mechanical AV valve replacement	Discharged on the 7th post-operative day
5	Alizadehasl et al	TEE	Sinus tachycardia	Staphylococcus aureus	Vegetation’s on posterior prosthetic MV leaflet	Azithromycin
6	Yang et al	TTE	Fever	Streptococcus sanguinis	MV vegetations	Oxygen	IV antibiotics	Vertical diplopia, left paramedian midbrain infarct, right branch retinal artery occlusion	Good functional recovery
7	Sanders et al	TTE	Ejection systolic murmur, 1st degree AV block, left anterior fascicular block	Enterococcus faecalis	Mobile vegetation on AV	NA	IV antibiotics	Mechanical aortic valve placement, subaortic membrane resection	Discharged
8	Mantero et al	TTE	Fever	Enterococcus faecalis	Vegetations on biological prosthetic valve, periprosthetic abscess	Hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ ritonavir	IV antibiotics	IV thrombolysis for ischemic stroke	NA
9	Garatti et al				AV vegetations
10	Garatti et al				AV vegetations
11	Dias et al	TTE	Left lower sternal pansystolic murmur	Staphylococcus aureus	Mobile vegetation on TV, severe tricuspid regurgitation	Oxygen, mechanical ventilation	IV antibiotics	Hypoxic respiratory failure Severe TR Septic pulmonary emboli	Death

TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography, TEE: Transesophageal echocardiography, AR: Aortic regurgitation, MR: Mitral regurgitation, TR: tricuspid regurgitation, AV: Aortic valve, MV: Mitral valve, TV: Tricuspid valve, IE: Infective endocarditis, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, IL-6: Interleukin 6, C5: Cervical disc 5, IV: Intravenous, AV block: Atrioventricular block.