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Diagrammatic illustration of the NP-interaction mechanisms with porous media: (a) Issues associated with NP retention in porous reservoir formation; (b) the oil flushing process enhanced by nanoparticle-stabilized foam as applied in EOR; and (c) the synergistic effects that occur between NPs and surfactant. Diagrams modified with permission from refs (9 and 17). Copyright 2021 Elsevier.
