Table 1.
Socio-economic status, parental characteristics and their association with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children aged 18 to 30 months.
| Variables | N (%) | ASD prevalence* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | OR | 95%CI | ||
| (n) | (%) | (n) | (%) | Lower | Upper | ||
| Total number of participants | 40.243 | 100% | 305 | 0.758 | |||
| Province | |||||||
| Ha Noi | 5.501 | 13.7 | 46 | 0.84 | 1.18 | 0.77 | 1.79 |
| Thai Binh | 5.883 | 14.6 | 41 | 0.70 | 0.98 | 0.64 | 1.51 |
| Hoa Binh | 5.893 | 14.6 | 43 | 0.73 | 1.03 | 0.67 | 1.57 |
| Quang Nam | 5.539 | 13.8 | 45 | 0.81 | 1.14 | 0.75 | 1.74 |
| Dong Thap | 5.600 | 13.9 | 38 | 0.68 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 1.48 |
| Dong Nai | 5.922 | 14.7 | 50 | 0.84 | 1.19 | 0.79 | 1.79 |
| Dak Lak | 5.905 | 14.7 | 42 | 0.71 | 1 | - | - |
| Age group | |||||||
| 18-23 months | 17.193 | 42.7 | 119 | 0.69 | 0.86 | 0.68 | 1.08 |
| 24-30 months | 23.050 | 57.3 | 186 | 0.81 | 1 | - | - |
| Sex | |||||||
| Boy | 21.345 | 53.0 | 245 | 1.15 | 3.65c | 2.75 | 4.84 |
| Girl | 18.898 | 47.0 | 60 | 0.32 | 1 | - | - |
| Setting | |||||||
| Urban | 9.976 | 24.8 | 142 | 1.42 | 2.67c | 2.13 | 3.34 |
| Rural | 30.267 | 75.2 | 163 | 0.54 | 1 | - | - |
| Mother’s characteristics | |||||||
| Maternal age at the time of childbirth (years) | |||||||
| <20 | 2.694 | 6.7 | 17 | 0.63 | 0.90 | 0.54 | 1.48 |
| 20-29 | 25.34 | 63.0 | 178 | 0.70 | 1 | - | - |
| 30-34 | 8.386 | 20.8 | 60 | 0.72 | 1.02 | 0.758 | 1.37 |
| ≥35 | 3.684 | 9.2 | 50 | 1.36 | 1.94c | 1.42 | 2.67 |
| Mother’s occupation | |||||||
| Farmer | 8.608 | 21.4 | 64 | 0.74 | 1 | - | - |
| Government staff | 5.312 | 13.2 | 36 | 0.68 | 0.91 | 0.60 | 1.37 |
| Private sector staff | 10.218 | 25.4 | 74 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.70 | 1.36 |
| Unstable job | 11.295 | 28.0 | 84 | 0.74 | 1 | 0.72 | 1.39 |
| Others | 4.779 | 11.9 | 47 | 0.98 | 1.33 | 0.91 | 1.94 |
| Father’s characteristics | |||||||
| Paternal age at the time of childbirth | |||||||
| <20 | 664 | 1.6 | 4 | 0.60 | 0.84 | 0.31 | 2.26 |
| 20-34 | 30.942 | 76.9 | 222 | 0.72 | 1 | - | - |
| 35-45 | 7.45 | 18.5 | 69 | 0.93 | 1.29 | 0.99 | 1.70 |
| ≥46 | 535 | 1.4 | 10 | 1.87 | 2.64b | 1.39 | 5.00 |
| Father’s occupation | |||||||
| Farmer | 9.403 | 23.4 | 72 | 0.77 | 1 | - | - |
| Government staff | 4.809 | 11.9 | 25 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 1.07 |
| Private sector staff | 8.611 | 21.4 | 62 | 0.72 | 0.94 | 0.67 | 1.32 |
| Unstable job | 16.137 | 40.1 | 142 | 0.88 | 1.15 | 0.87 | 1.53 |
| Others | 629 | 1.6 | 4 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 0.30 | 2.28 |
| Having a relative with mental health disorder or genital anomaly? | |||||||
| Yes | 1.441 | 3.6 | 53 | 2.20 | 3.37c | 2.50 | 4.50 |
| No | 38.594 | 95.9 | 252 | 0.70 | 1 | - | - |
*Result from univariate logistic regression
bstatistically significant at p<0.01
cstatistically significant at p<0.001.